Early determination of pregnancy status in ruminants

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides compositions and methods for detection schemes for ascertaining pregnancy status of an animal. The compositions and methods employ interferon-tau (IFNT) and/or antibodies specific for IFNT. Methods of the present invention detect the presence of IFNT in samples obtained from animals as an early indicator of pregnancy. Methods are provided to identify non-pregnant animals so that management decisions regarding rebreeding can be made earlier compared to existing approaches.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a Divisional Application of US Ser. No. 14/523,615, filed on Oct. 24, 2014, which application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of a provisional application Ser. No. 61/895,887 filed Oct. 25, 2013, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

GRANT REFERENCE

This invention was made, in part, with government support under Grant Number 2011-67015-20067 from USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. The Government has certain rights in the invention.

INCORPORATION OF SEQUENCE LISTING

The present application is being filed along with a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitled P11221US02_SEQ LIST.ST25, created Oct. 24, 2014, which is 52 Kb in size. The information in the electronic format of the sequence listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to detection schemes for ascertaining whether an animal is pregnant. More particularly, the present invention relates to interferon-tau (IFNT) and/or antibodies specific for IFNT, and methods of the present invention detect the presence or absence of IFNT in samples obtained from animals as an early indicator of pregnancy status.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Agricultural livestock operations require reliable, accurate systems for detecting pregnancy in order to optimize offspring crop percent and heavy weaning weights. Cows and sheep producing offspring every 12 months and calving or ewing early in the season give the best performance. To boost the efficiency of breeding operations, it is necessary to identify non-pregnant animals.

Identification of livestock that are not pregnant as early as possible following insemination or exposure to males is key in managing reproductive cycles, because it allows producers to make decisions early regarding rebreeding strategies. In an effort to make a profit, livestock producers must strive for a high pregnancy rate, calf crop and heavy weaning weights.

Pregnancy detection procedures for livestock animals should be inexpensive, sensitive and highly accurate. One way to determine pregnancy status is to observe signs of estrus (heat) after insemination. While this approach is effective, it is expensive, labor intensive, very time consuming, and not very accurate. Other methods of pregnancy detection include detection by rectal palpation, which is more accurate that checking estrus, but also is labor intensive and not feasible early during pregnancy. The current gold standard for determining pregnancy in cattle is through rectal ultrasound on day 32 of pregnancy. Similarly, the optimum time for detecting pregnancy in sheep using transabdominal B-mode ultrasonography ranges from 25 to 110 days of gestation, optimally from 45 to 90 days of gestation.

Maternal recognition of pregnancy in ruminants requires elongation of the conceptus coinciding with production of interferon-tau (IFNT). The ovine conceptus secretes IFNT from Days 10 to 21-25 with greatest release occurring on Days 14 to 16 of pregnancy, although the precise pattern of secretion of IFNT and activation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) has not been fully described. IFNT is a major product of ovine and bovine conceptuses before attachment that functions to prevent the return to estrous cycles. IFNT acts in a paracrine manner to silence up-regulation of (estradiol receptor) ESR1 and oxytocin receptor (OXTR) in the endometrial luminal epithelium and superficial glandular epithelium, thereby preventing the release of prostaglandin F2α (PGF). In addition, IFNT has recently been reported to function through endocrine action in the ovine corpus luteum (CL).

IFNT binds type 1 receptors (IFNR1 and IFNR2) and activates the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. The JAK/STAT pathway includes downstream mediators such as the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)s (1 and 2), interferon regulatory factor (IRFs) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). A hypothesized mechanism of how IFNT mediates maternal recognition of pregnancy is through the increased expression of several ISGs in the uterus, such as ISG15, Interferon-induced with helicase C domain 1 (IFIH1), and DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 58 (DDX58). Additionally, pregnancy induces expression of ISGs in several ovine extra uterine tissues, such as the corpus luteum (CL). ISG15, first termed ubiquitin cross-reactive protein because of its cross-reactivity with antibody against ubiquitin increases in mouse and human endometrium in response to pregnancy. ISG15 is induced by type 1 IFN and becomes conjugated to intracellular proteins in a mechanism parallel, but different to that described for ubiquitin.

The Inventors have previously demonstrated that sheep have increased antiviral activity in uterine vein serum (UVS) during early pregnancy. Antiviral activity is blocked in Day 15 UVS of pregnancy when preadsorbed with anti-interferon-tau (IFNT) antibodies.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compositions, systems, kits, and methods that allow for detection of pregnancy in ruminant animals. The invention allows for detection earlier in pregnancy than other methods, and in particular earlier than standard methods currently used. The invention allows for identification of nonpregnant animals so that a decision can be made earlier that current approaches on how to manage the nonpregnant animal.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for detecting pregnancy in an animal comprising obtaining a sample from an animal suspected of being pregnant; determining whether IFNT is present in said sample; and diagnosing the animal as pregnant if IFNT was determined to be present in said sample. In a preferred embodiment, the determining step is performed by contacting the sample with a purified antibody specific for IFNT and detecting whether binding occurs between said antibody and IFNT. In a more preferred embodiment, the detection of the determining step is accomplished using antibody-based radioimmunoassay, enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), lateral flow or dip-stick detection. In another preferred embodiment, the determining step is accomplished using mass spectrometry.

In a preferred embodiment, the methods are used to detect pregnancy in ruminant animals. In a more preferred embodiment, the methods detect pregnancy in cows or sheep. In a preferred embodiment, the sample is collected from said animal less than 21 days after breeding. In a more preferred embodiment, the sample is collected between 16 and 21 days after breeding.

In another embodiment, the invention provides methods for impregnating a female ruminant animal, comprising collecting a sample from said animal, determining whether interferon tau (IFNT) is present in said sample, diagnosing a female ruminant animal as not pregnant (NP) if IFNT was determined not to be present in said sample, and performing additional breeding if the female animal was determined to be NP. In a preferred embodiment, the sample is collected between 16 and 21 days after breeding in cattle. In one preferred embodiment, the female ruminant animal is bovine. In one aspect, where the animal is bovine, the sample is collected less than 21 days after breeding, and even more preferably between 16 and 21 days after breeding. In another preferred embodiment, the female ruminant animal is ovine. Because estrous cycles are shorter in other ruminants, for example 16-17 days in sheep compared to 21 days in cattle, samples may be collected earlier than day 16 in sheep. In another aspect, the methods for impregnating are used to increase the number of offspring in a population of animals, such as a herd of cattle or sheep, by carrying out the impregnating methods on two or more female animals in the population. In a preferred embodiment, additional breeding is performed on all of the animals in the population that are determined to be NP.

Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, suitable methods and materials are described below. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. Other features of the disclosure are apparent from the following detailed description and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following figures are included to illustrate certain aspects of the present invention, and should not be viewed as exclusive embodiments. The subject matter disclosed is capable of considerable modifications, alterations, combinations, and equivalents in form and function, as will occur to those skilled in the art and having the benefit of this disclosure.

FIG. 1 (A-B) shows ovine IFNT radioimmunoassay. (A) Specificity: competitive radioimmunoassay testing IFNT against other type I (alpha and beta) and type II (gamma) interferons. (B) Sensitivity: radioimmunoassay testing different antibody concentrations. * indicates means differ (P<0.05).

FIG. 2 (A-B) shows detection of ovine IFNT in uterine flushing and uterine vein using RIA. (A) Detection of IFNT in uterine flushings from Day 12-15 non-pregnant and pregnant ewes. (B) Detection of IFNT in uterine vein serum from Days 12-15 non-pregnant and pregnant ewes. * indicates means differ (P<0.05).

FIG. 3 shows pregnancy status of day 19 dairy cows identified by blood test for IFNT. Concentration of IFNT (pg/mL) in day 19 tail blood from NP (Non-pregnant) cows exposed to semen, cows that were NP to term but had detectable limits at day 19, and possibly had a fetus but lost it (Embryonic Mortality; EM) and P (Pregnant) cows that calved. DL is the limit of detection for this assay. Letters signify P<0.05 and * is P<0.1.

FIG. 4 (A-C) shows GC-MS analysis of three different bovine IFNT peptides (see Table 1).

FIG. 5 (A-B) shows MS analysis of INFT in conceptus culture filtrate samples. (B) shows quantification of IFNT levels in the samples based on the area of the spectrometric peaks having the specific IFNT retention time.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention includes novel methods for determining pregnancy status in ruminant animals, methods for impregnating ruminant animals, and methods for increasing the growth rate of a population of ruminant animals. The methods increase the likelihood that an individual animal is pregnant by detecting pregnancy status early (e.g. less than 21 days after insemination in cows, less than 16 days after insemination in sheep), thereby permitting management of nonpregnant animals, e.g. by performing additional breeding. These methods are advantageous over using ultrasound or rectal palpation, because they allow for determinations to be made earlier, thereby permitting earlier decisions regarding management. Pregnancy is detected by assaying for the presence of conceptus-derived IFNT in the maternal peripheral blood through specific and sensitive techniques provided herein. Animals determined not to be pregnant through detection of no IFNT can be re-bred, and the process of determining pregnancy can be repeated.

Terms and Abbreviations

Unless explained otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. All references herein are incorporated by reference. The following explanations of terms and abbreviations are provided to better describe the present disclosure and to guide those of ordinary skill in the art in the practice of the present disclosure.

All numbers expressing quantities of components, molecular weights, percentages, temperatures, times, length, and so forth, as used in the specification or claims are to be understood as being modified by the term “about” unless otherwise indicated.

As used herein, “comprising” means “including” and the singular forms “a” or “an” or “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term “or” refers to a single element of stated alternative elements or a combination of two or more elements, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

The term “sample” describes any type of sample suspected to contain a desired target protein to be assayed for detection of such target protein. In some embodiments a biological sample from a subject suspected of being pregnant, will be used, such as blood, plasma or serum, or other bodily fluids that may contain the target protein. These may include, for example, plasma, serum, spinal fluid, lymph fluid, secretions from the respiratory, gastrointestinal, or genitourinary systems including tears, saliva, milk, urine, semen, hepatocytes, and red or white blood cells or platelets. Samples may also be obtained from tissue cell culture, such as cultured hepatocytes or leukocytes, and constitute cells, including recombinant cells, or medium in which the target may be detected. In some cases, a tissue sample may be used in the assay or processed for use in the assay, for example, by a conventional method used to extract proteins from the sample.

As used herein, the “effective amount” of a compound of the invention required for the use in the method presented herein will differ not only with the particular compound to be selected but also with the mode of application, and the nature of the sample specimen. The exact amount will be evaluated by testing with a sufficient number of clinical samples in each application as conducted by persons skilled in the art. However, a generally suitable concentration will range from about 10 pg/ml to 10 ng/ml of testing solutions.

Furthermore, the compounds may be used as pure compounds, for example pure protein or peptide applied to a test solution, or as a pure chemically acceptable salt or derivative. However, it is preferable to provide the active chemical or its chemically acceptable salt or derivative, as a medicinal formulation, either as a dry material (reaction solution provided separately), or as a solution or suspension (an aqueous solution or other chemically acceptable solvent solutions), or as a lateral flow or dip stick device.

The term “purified polypeptide” “purified antibody”, “purified protein”, or “purified peptide” describes a protein, polypeptide or peptide, including antibodies and fragments thereof, which has been isolated from the host tissues or fluids in which the polypeptide, protein, or antibody is normally associated, isolated from a tissue cell culture, or separated from other types of microorganisms, such as bacteria or other viruses. Techniques for isolating peptides, polypeptides, proteins, and antibodies are known to those of skill in the art.

An “isolated” antibody is one that has been separated from a component of its natural environment. In some embodiments, an antibody is purified to greater than 95% or 99% purity as determined by, for example, electrophoretic (e.g., SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing (IEF), capillary electrophoresis) or chromatographic (e.g., ion exchange or reverse phase HPLC) approaches. For review of methods for assessment of antibody purity, see, e.g., Flatman et al., J. Chromatogr. B 848:79-87 (2007).

The term “preservative or additive for a sample” includes additives such as heparin or EDTA. The term also includes other agents that prevent degradation of polypeptides or permit polypeptides to be easily recognized in the method of the invention. These include normal saline or commercially available preservatives. The term “extraction buffer” refers to conventional agents and materials useful for extracting, purifying or isolating polypeptides from a sample, such as a biological sample like serum, plasma, milk or other bodily secretion.

The term “denaturation” refers to a process of unfolding of nucleic acids or polypeptides. For example, by heating a sample to 65, 75, 85, 90, 95-100° C. Denaturation may also be facilitated by addition of other ingredients such as salts, formamide, sodium hydroxide or reducing agents (e.g. beta mercaptoethanol (βME), Dithiothreitol (DTT)).

The term “reaction buffer” describes a composition in which a sample and antibody interact. Exemplary buffers include phosphate buffer saline, and other buffers used in reaction mixtures.

The term “target region” describes the portion of the IFNT protein to which an antibody binds. Target regions may include carbohydrate moieties of glycosylated amino acids of the protein or polypeptide.

The term “target protein” or “target polypeptide” refers to a protein or polypeptide from a sample corresponding to synthetic or natural polypeptides, proteins, or fragments thereof, or modified or mutant polypeptides or proteins. It also encompass modified or mutated polypeptide sequences, such as variants containing one or more single amino acid variations, or more generally, those having a polypeptide sequence containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more insertions, deletions, transpositions, or substitutions to the amino acid sequence.

“Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity” with respect to a reference polypeptide sequence is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the reference polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for aligning sequences, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared. For purposes herein, however, % amino acid sequence identity values are generated using the sequence comparison computer program ALIGN-2. The ALIGN-2 sequence comparison computer program was authored by Genentech, Inc., and the source code has been filed with user documentation in the U.S. Copyright Office, Washington D.C., 20559, where it is registered under U.S. Copyright Registration No. TXU510087. The ALIGN-2 program is publicly available from Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, Calif., or may be compiled from the source code. The ALIGN-2 program should be compiled for use on a UNIX operating system, including digital UNIX V4.0D. All sequence comparison parameters are set by the ALIGN-2 program and do not vary.

In situations where ALIGN-2 is employed for amino acid sequence comparisons, the % amino acid sequence identity of a given amino acid sequence A to, with, or against a given amino acid sequence B (which can alternatively be phrased as a given amino acid sequence A that has or comprises a certain % amino acid sequence identity to, with, or against a given amino acid sequence B) is calculated as follows: 100 times the fraction X/Y where X is the number of amino acid residues scored as identical matches by the sequence alignment program ALIGN-2 in that program's alignment of A and B, and where Y is the total number of amino acid residues in B. It will be appreciated that where the length of amino acid sequence A is not equal to the length of amino acid sequence B, the % amino acid sequence identity of A to B will not equal the % amino acid sequence identity of B to A. Unless specifically stated otherwise, all % amino acid sequence identity values used herein are obtained as described in the immediately preceding paragraph using the ALIGN-2 computer program.

The term “antibody” herein is used in the broadest sense and encompasses various antibody structures, including but not limited to monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies), and antibody fragments so long as they exhibit the desired antigen-binding activity.

An “antibody fragment” refers to a molecule other than an intact antibody that comprises a portion of an intact antibody that binds the antigen to which the intact antibody binds. Examples of antibody fragments include but are not limited to Fv, Fab, Fab′, Fab′-SH, F(ab′)₂; diabodies; linear antibodies; single-chain antibody molecules (e.g. scFv); and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.

An “antibody that binds to the same epitope” as a reference antibody refers to an antibody that blocks binding of the reference antibody to its antigen in a competition assay by 50% or more, and conversely, the reference antibody blocks binding of the antibody to its antigen in a competition assay by 50% or more.

“Affinity” refers to the strength of the sum total of noncovalent interactions between a single binding site of a molecule (e.g., an antibody) and its binding partner (e.g., an antigen). Unless indicated otherwise, as used herein, “binding affinity” refers to intrinsic binding affinity which reflects a 1:1 interaction between members of a binding pair (e.g., antibody and antigen). The affinity of a molecule X for its partner Y can generally be represented by the dissociation constant (Kd).

An “affinity matured” antibody refers to an antibody with one or more alterations in one or more hypervariable regions (HVRs), compared to a parent antibody which does not possess such alterations, such alterations resulting in an improvement in the affinity of the antibody for antigen.

The term “hypervariable region” or “HVR,” as used herein, refers to each of the regions of an antibody variable domain which are hypervariable in sequence and/or form structurally defined loops (“hypervariable loops”). Generally, native four-chain antibodies comprise six HVRs; three in the VH (H1, H2, H3), and three in the VL (L1, L2, L3). HVRs generally comprise amino acid residues from the hypervariable loops and/or from the “complementarity determining regions” (CDRs), the latter being of highest sequence variability and/or involved in antigen recognition. Exemplary hypervariable loops occur at amino acid residues 26-32 (L1), 50-52 (L2), 91-96 (L3), 26-32 (H1), 53-55 (H2), and 96-101 (H3). (Chothia and Lesk, J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917 (1987).) Exemplary CDRs (CDR-L1, CDR-L2, CDR-L3, CDR-H1, CDR-H2, and CDR-H3) occur at amino acid residues 24-34 of L1, 50-56 of L2, 89-97 of L3, 31-35B of H1, 50-65 of H2, and 95-102 of H3. (Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991).) With the exception of CDR1 in VH, CDRs generally comprise the amino acid residues that form the hypervariable loops. CDRs also comprise “specificity determining residues,” or “SDRs,” which are residues that contact antigen. SDRs are contained within regions of the CDRs called abbreviated-CDRs, or a-CDRs. Exemplary a-CDRs (a-CDR-L, a-CDR-L2, a-CDR-L3, a-CDR-H1, a-CDR-H2, and a-CDR-H3) occur at amino acid residues 31-34 of L1, 50-55 of L2, 89-96 of L3, 31-35B of H1, 50-58 of H2, and 95-102 of H3. (See Almagro and Fransson, Front. Biosci. 13:1619-1633 (2008).) Unless otherwise indicated, HVR residues and other residues in the variable domain (e.g., FR residues) are numbered herein according to Kabat et al., supra.

The term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical and/or bind the same epitope, except for possible variant antibodies, e.g., containing naturally occurring mutations or arising during production of a monoclonal antibody preparation, such variants generally being present in minor amounts. In contrast to polyclonal antibody preparations, which typically include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody of a monoclonal antibody preparation is directed against a single determinant on an antigen. Thus, the modifier “monoclonal” indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method. For example, monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordance with the present invention may be made by a variety of techniques, including but not limited to the hybridoma method, recombinant DNA methods, phage-display methods, and methods utilizing transgenic animals containing all or part of the human immunoglobulin loci, such methods and other exemplary methods for making monoclonal antibodies being described herein.

“Native antibodies” refer to naturally occurring immunoglobulin molecules with varying structures. For example, native IgG antibodies are heterotetrameric glycoproteins of about 150,000 daltons, composed of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains that are disulfide-bonded. From N- to C-terminus, each heavy chain has a variable region (VH), also called a variable heavy domain or a heavy chain variable domain, followed by three constant domains (CH1, CH2, and CH3). Similarly, from N- to C-terminus, each light chain has a variable region (VL), also called a variable light domain or a light chain variable domain, followed by a constant light (CL) domain. The light chain of an antibody may be assigned to one of two types, called kappa (λ) and lambda (k), based on the amino acid sequence of its constant domain.

“Radioimmunoassay” and “RIA” refers to in vitro assay techniques in which radioactive labelled antigen is mixed with unlabelled antigen (the test sample) and allowed to bind to an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof. Bound antigen is physically separated from unbound antigen and the amount of radioactive antigen bound to the antibody determined. The more antigen there is in the test sample the less radioactive antigen will bind to the antibody. A competitive binding assay may also be used with non-radioactive antigen, using antigen or an analogue linked to a reporter molecule. The reporter molecule may be a fluorochrome, phosphor or laser dye with spectrally isolated absorption or emission characteristics. Suitable fluorochromes include fluorescein, rhodamine, phycoerythrin and Texas Red. Suitable chromogenic dyes include diaminobenzidine.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.2.1-11.2.22, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1991). ELISA typically uses an enzymatic reaction to convert substrates into products having a detectable signal (e.g., fluorescence). Each enzyme in the conjugate can covert hundreds of substrates into products, thereby amplifying the detectable signal and enhancing the sensitivity of the assay. ELISA assays are understood to include derivative and related methods, such as sandwich ELISA and microfluidic ELISA.

The term “heterologous polypeptide” or “heterologous protein” refers to a polypeptide or protein that is derived from a different source, a native polypeptide in which modifications have been made to alter the native sequence, or a native polypeptide whose expression is quantitatively altered as a result of a manipulation of the gene encoding the polypeptide by recombinant DNA techniques. In the context of a fusion protein or peptide, a “heterologous polypeptide sequence” refers to a polypeptide sequence that comprises one or more subsequences that are not found in the same relationship to each other in nature.

“Breeding” as used herein refers to known methods and techniques of inseminating or impregnating an animal to produce offspring. “Breeding” includes husbandry and mating approaches, as well as non-mating approaches such as, for example, artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, and embryo transfer.

The examples herein use several specific sequences, but it will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that other sequences are readily amenable for use in the disclosed methods.

Methods of Detecting Pregnancy Status

In one aspect, the present invention includes methods for detecting whether an animal is pregnant. The detection method of the invention comprises obtaining a sample from an animal, obtaining a sample from an animal, determining whether interferon tau (IFNT) is present in said sample, and diagnosing the animal as pregnant if IFNT was determined to be present in said sample, or as non-pregnant (NP) if IFNT is determined not to be present. In a further aspect, the determining step is performed by contacting the sample with a purified antibody specific for IFNT and detecting whether binding occurs between said antibody and IFNT. Alternatively, the determining step is performed by mass spectrometry (MS). The invention further comprises other methods for specific detection of IFNT, including, for example, colorometric or flurochromic detection assays. Such assays include immune assays such as ELISA, microfluid ELISA, Western blot, flow cytometric assays, and dip stick or lateral flow strip tests.

In one aspect, the methods of the present invention may include a step for concentrating or enriching a sample collected from an animal. Concentrating or enriching a sample can be accomplished using techniques known in the art, including one or more of filtration, centrifugation, evaporation, extraction, chromatography, affinity chromatography, precipitation and the like.

Following the determining step, the methods involve diagnosing the animal as pregnant if IFNT is determined to be present in the sample. Alternatively, the method can involve diagnosing the animal as not pregnant if IFNT is determined to be absent in the sample.

In a preferred embodiment, the sample is obtained at a time that corresponds to early pregnancy. For example, in bovines, the sample may be obtained less than 21 (e.g., 16-21) days after breeding, or less than 16 days after breeding in ovines. Further, sample collection can be timed to increase the chances of detecting the presence or absence of IFNT in the sample by choosing a time when IFNT should be at the highest concentration in the sample. Alternatively, sample collection can be timed to determine whether or not an animal is pregnant as early as possible.

In another aspect, detection of IFNT may be coupled with detection of a second indicator of a viable CL such as serum progesterone.

Antibody-Based Detection

Detection of IFNT by contacting the sample with a purified antibody specific for IFNT and detecting whether binding occurs can be performed using a number of antibody-based techniques known in the art. Antibody-based techniques are understood to include any technique that uses an antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, to specifically bind a target molecule or analyte. Examples of antibody-based techniques include radioimmunoassay, ELISA, lateral flow tests, dipstick test, Western blot, and similar techniques.

In one embodiment, the determining step of the method is accomplished by contacting the sample with a purified antibody that is specific for IFNT. The antibody can be selected based on a number of factors, including species of the animal from which the sample was obtained and the type and extent of processing, concentrating, or enriching to which the sample is subjected. For example, an antibody specific for a particular epitope may be selected for detecting IFNT in samples that are processed in a manner, such as heating and evaporation, which can denature the native protein.

In one aspect, radioimmunoassays of the present invention may utilize radiolabeled antigen, such as recombinant IFNT labeled with ¹²⁵I. Alternatively, the assay can use non-radioactive antigen, using antigen or an analogue linked to a reporter molecule. The reporter molecule can be a fluorochrome, phosphor or laser dye with spectrally isolated absorption or emission characteristics. Suitable fluorochromes include fluorescein, rhodamine, phycoerythrin and Texas Red. Suitable chromogenic dyes include diaminobenzidine.

In another aspect, detection of IFNT can be by ELISA. ELISA typically uses an enzymatic reaction to convert substrates into products having a detectable signal (e.g., fluorescence). Each enzyme in the conjugate can covert hundreds of substrates into products, thereby amplifying the detectable signal and enhancing the sensitivity of the assay. ELISA assays are understood to include derivative and related methods, such as sandwich ELISA and microfluidic ELISA.

Alternative antibody-based techniques for the methods of the present invention include lateral flow tests, also known as lateral flow immunochromatographic assays. Lateral flow tests are simple devices intended to detect the presence (or absence) of a target analyte in sample (matrix) without the need for specialized and costly equipment, although assays may be set up in conjunction with equipment for reading test results. The technology is based on a series of capillary beds, such as pieces of porous paper or sintered polymer. Each of these elements has the capacity to transport fluid samples spontaneously. The first element (the sample pad) acts as a sponge and holds an excess of sample fluid. Once soaked, the fluid migrates to the second element (conjugate pad) in which the manufacturer has stored the so-called conjugate-bio-active particles formulated to facilitate chemical reaction between the target molecule in the sample and its chemical partner (e.g., antibody) that has been immobilized on the particle's surface. After reacting with the conjugate, the sample moves to one or more areas (often called stripes) where a third ‘capture’ molecule has been immobilized to bind the complex. As the sample passes through the stripes, particles accumulate and the stripe-area changes color. Typically there are at least two stripes: one (the control) that captures any particle and thereby shows that reaction conditions and technology worked fine; and a second that contains a specific capture molecule and only captures those particles with target molecule bound to the antibody. Lateral flow tests can operate as either competitive or sandwich assays.

In another alternative embodiment, detection of IFNT can be by the use of a dipstick test. A testing dipstick is usually made of a substrate, for example paper or cardboard, which is impregnated with reagents that indicate some feature of the liquid by changing color. Dipsticks used to test for a variety of liquids for the presence of a given analyte or target molecule are known in the art.

Mass Spectrometry Assays

Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical method that combines the features of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample. MS is considered a gold standard for substance identification because it positively identifies the actual presence of a particular substance in a given sample. In one aspect of the invention, a sample obtained from an animal is injected into the injection port of the MS device and analyzed for the specific presence of IFNT. In a preferred embodiment, a sample to be assayed for the presence of IFNT is subjected to peptide digest, for example using trypsin, before MS. In a more preferred embodiment, IFNT is detected in a digested sample by detection of one or more digestion products. For example, the digest products may be any of the peptides set out in Tables 1-3, or SEQ ID NOS: 7, 9, and 11. The absence of IFNT protein, or digestion products thereof, as detected by MS indicates that the ruminant animal from which the sample was collected is not pregnant.

Kits for Determining Pregnancy Status of Ruminant Animals

The term “kit” refers to a composition of matter containing one or more ingredients necessary to practice the method of detecting pregnancy status according to the invention. Preferably, the kit will contain an antibody specific for IFNT.

A kit may also contain at least one biological sample preservative or additive for a sample, such as an agent that prevents degradation of proteins, a reaction buffer in which antibody and biological sample are mixed, a negative control sample, a positive control sample, one or more reaction containers, such as tubes or wells, a colorimetric chart, a packaging material, an instruction for use in detecting the same.

The examples below are provided only for illustrative purposes and not to limit the scope of the present invention. Numerous embodiments within the scope of the claims will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, thus the following non-limiting examples only describe particular embodiments of the invention. The present invention relates to colorimetric read-out systems capable of detecting a variety of biomolecules, including methods and kits relating thereto.

To facilitate a better understanding of the present invention, the following examples of preferred or representative embodiments are given. In no way should the following examples be read to limit, or to define, the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Temporal Release, Paracrine and Endocrine Action of Conceptus-Derived Interferon-Tau During Early Pregnancy in Ewes

The Inventors have demonstrated that IFNT induces gene expression in the endometrium and enters peripheral circulation inducing genes in extrauterine tissues such as the corpus luteum (CL) and liver. In exemplary experiments described herein, blood was collected from ewes on Days 12-15 of the estrous cycle (non-pregnant, NP) or pregnancy and on Day 16 of pregnancy. Serum progesterone concentrations remained >1.7 ng/ml in pregnant (P) ewes and in NP ewes on Days 12-13 of the estrous cycle, but declined to concentrations <0.6 ng/ml by Day 15 of the estrous cycle. A highly specific (no cross-reaction with IFNα, IFNβ or IFNγ) and sensitive (71.25 pg/ml in uterine flushings; 58.7 pg/ml in serum) IFNT radioimmunoassay (RIA) was validated herein and used to demonstrate that IFNT was not detected in NP ewes but could be detected from Days 13-16 of pregnancy in uterine flushings and detected uterine vein serum (UVS) on Days 15-16. IFNT detection in uterine flushing correlated with paracrine induction of ISGs in endometrium and preceded blocking up-regulation of endometrial ESR1 and OXTR by Day 14. The induction of ISG mRNAs in jugular vein white blood cells, liver and CL occurred by Day 14, prior to detection of IFNT in UVS on Day 15 of pregnancy. To confirm activation of IFNT signal transduction in CL, mRNA concentrations of IFN signal transducers and ISGs were determined to be greater in CL from Day 14 P compared to NP ewes. Thus, the Inventors have shown that paracrine action of IFNT coincides with IFNT detection in uterine flushings, and endocrine action of IFN ensues through induction of ISGs in peripheral blood.

Based on the Inventors' previous demonstration of antiviral activity in the uterine vein serum on Day 15 of pregnancy being blocked by pre-adsorption using anti-IFNT antibody and a higher expression of ISG15 in CL from a Day 15 pregnant (P) ewe, the Inventors determined whether endocrine IFNT signaling occurs during maternal recognition of pregnancy in ruminants as early as Day 14 of pregnancy. The Inventors therefore developed a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay used to examine IFNT levels in uterine flushings and uterine vein blood.

Because IFNT was detected in uterine flushing and uterine vein blood, these studies also provide important insight into regulation of endometrial, corpus luteum and liver gene expression. Some of the well-characterized endometrial responses to IFNT also were examine in the CL such as silencing of ESR1 and OXTR mRNA in the CL. Several studies have examined changes in mRNA for ISGs, ESR1 and OXTR in ovine endometrium in response to early pregnancy, but these studies have not examined consecutive Days of pregnancy in context of uterine flushing and uterine vein concentrations of IFNT.

Notably, none of the previous published experiments have focused on temporal relationships between paracrine effects of the conceptus on the endometrium, development of antiluteolytic responses and endocrine induction of genes CL on Days 12, 13, 14, and 15. This represents a period in which critical responses mediate maternal recognition of pregnancy in the ewe.

The aim of this work was to develop a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay for IFNT, initially for the detection of IFNT in uterine flushings and uterine vein blood, and ultimately for potential detection of IFNT in maternal blood for detection of pregnancy. These methods can be used to manage ruminant animals and ruminant animal populations by identifying nonpregnant animals so that that they can be better managed to become pregnant. The temporal relationships in detecting IFNT and regulation of ISG15, ESR1 and OXTR in the endometrium, and IFN signaling in the CL were examined.

Experimental Design: Day of Estrous Cycle and Early Pregnancy

Mature crossbred ewes were observed daily for estrus using a caudoepididectomized ram. On the Day of standing estrus (Day 0), half of the ewes were bred with an intact ram. NP ewes were not exposed to a ram. Groups were assigned according to pregnancy status (NP and P) and Days after detection of estrus (12, 13, 14 and 15). Three to six ewes per Day and per pregnancy status were used (12NP-5; 12P=4, 13NP=5; 13P=5, 14NP=5; 14P=3, 15NP=6; 15P=4). On Days 12, 13, 14 and 15 of either the estrous cycle or pregnancy, ewes were euthanized and jugular and uterine vein blood, lymph nodes (iliac and submandibular), CL, endometrium, uterine vein (tissue) and liver were collected. Tissues were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept at −80′C for later processing. Pregnancy was confirmed by the presence of a conceptus.

Progesterone Assay

Concentration of progesterone in serum was determined by radioimmunoassay according to standard procedures. All samples were analyzed in one assay. The sensitivity was 6.07 pg/ml and the intra-assay coefficient of variation was 4.85%.

IFNT Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Radioiodination of recombinant ovine IFNT (roIFNT) with ¹²⁵I was completed using chloramine T procedure and purified using column chromatography using commonly known methods. Briefly, uterine flushing samples were diluted 1:50 in 0.1% PBS gel for analysis in the RIA. If the samples were undetectable in the first run, they were reanalyzed un-diluted. Anti-roIFNT antibody (1:60,000 dilution) was added to uterine flushing samples, vortexed and incubated at 4° C. for 24 hours. Radioactive ¹²⁵I-labeled roIFNT was added (100 μl 50,000 counts), vortexed and incubated for 24 hours at 4° C. This was followed with incubation at 4° C. for 72 hours with secondary anti-rabbit gamma globulin antibody (1:25 dilution). The assay was terminated by addition of 3 ml of cold PBS and centrifugation at 2800 rpm for 30 minutes. The supernatant was removed and the radioactivity of the pellet was determined utilizing a gamma counter (Apex automatic gamma counter, ICN Micromedic Systems). This RIA was optimized for detection of roIFNT in uterine flushing samples at a sensitivity of 0.1 ng/ml and a range of detection of 0.1 to 13 ng/ml. The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 6.2% and the inter-assay coefficient of variation was 4.0%.

RIA Detection of IFNT in Uterine Flushing Samples and Uterine Vein Serum

Specificity of the IFNT RIA was tested against other IFNs such as IFN α, β, and γ; revealing no cross reactivity of the anti-IFNT antibody with similar (type I) or distinct (type II) IFNs (FIG. 1A). Sensitivity of the assay was optimized utilizing various primary antibody dilutions. The 1:60,000 dilution was identified as optimal (FIG. 1B). Uterine flushings were collected from NP ewes on Days 12, 13, 14 and 15. These samples had non-detectable concentrations of IFNT serving as a negative control. Three standard dose response curves were run within each assay to serve as positive controls. IFNT was detectable as early as Day 13 of pregnancy in uterine flushings and by Day 15 in uterine vein blood, concentrations increased thereafter on each Day of pregnancy up to Day 16 (FIG. 3). The range of detection for these assays was between 11 pg/ml to 23 ng/ml. The limit of detection in uterine flushings was 71.25 pg/ml and in uterine vein serum it was 58.7 pg/ml. The interassay coefficients of variation for the 3 assays ranged from 7.25% to 14.7% and the intrassay coefficient of variation was 10.1%.

Discussion

IFNT is produced by the ruminant conceptus and for the last three decades was thought to have only paracrine function through binding to receptors on the maternal endometrium of the. The primary paracrine role of IFNT during early pregnancy is antiluteolyic and mediated through disruption of prostaglandin F2-alpha release from the uterus. This restriction of detection and action of IFNT within the uterine lumen was based on lack of detection of antiviral activity in peripheral blood, utilizing a bioassay for IFN, and more recently was based on lack of detection of IFNT in blood using antibody-based detection methods.

Increased antiviral activity caused by pregnancy has not been observed in systemic blood collected from ruminants during early pregnancy. However, one report by Schalue-Francis, Farin et al. in 1991 described an antiviral assay with a sensitivity of ˜1 unit/ml that could not detect IFNT in jugular vein blood, but was efficacious in detecting 58 U/ml uterine vein serum from Day 15 pregnant sheep. Conversion of 58 U/ml is equivalent to 7.25 ng/ml based on the 8×10⁸ U/mg IFN standard. The conclusion that IFNT was not detectable in jugular vein blood also was based on antibody-based detection of IFNT in ELISA and RIA. Previous attempts to develop RIA for IFNT by others exhibited apparent sensitivity of detecting 6.1-7.8 ng IFNT/ml, based on a reported a sensitivity of 6.1 ng/ml, but the lowest standard used in the assay was 7.8 ng with binding of ˜95%. Use of this RIA by these authors revealed detection of IFNT in uterine flushing representing Day 16 of bovine pregnancy. There was no report of attempting to detect IFNT in blood in these previous reports.

More recent work by the Inventors also found detectable antiviral activity in uterine vein blood from Day 15 pregnant sheep, with no detection of antiviral activity in systemic blood. The antiviral activity was attributed specifically to IFNT and not other type I IFNs, through blocking antiviral activity in uterine vein blood using preadsorption with an antibody against IFNT. The amount of IFNT in uterine vein blood on Day 15 of pregnancy was ˜500-1,000 U/ml, which was estimated to be 5-10 ng/ml using 1×10⁸ U/mg IFN standard.

Indirect evidence that IFNT might be released from the uterine vein and has a systemic-endocrine role during pregnancy was demonstrated by up-regulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in peripheral blood cells. Based on these studies, it was concluded that IFNT was produced by the conceptus during early stages of pregnancy, attenuated PGF release from the endometrium, and was released into the uterine vein in high enough concentrations to possibly have a functional and biological effect on peripheral tissues such as blood cells, the corpus luteum and liver. However, until the present enclosed experiments, no one has been able to directly detect IFNT circulating in the blood during early pregnancy in ruminants.

A double antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) for IFNT is described herein using recombinant ovine IFNT and anti-roIFNT antibody. This RIA was confirmed to be specific for IFNT because the anti-IFNT antibody did not cross-react with other type I IFN such as alpha and beta or with type II IFN such as IFN gamma. After specificity of the IFNT RIA for IFNT was demonstrated by lack of competition by up to 10 μg/ml of related, but not identical type I and II IFN. Sensitivity of this IFNT RIA was improved through increasing dilutions of the primary antibody. The amount of ligand required to displace 50% binding deceased from ˜1.5 ng to 0.4 ng with increasing dilutions of primary anti-IFNT antibody to 1:60,000. While this assay had improved sensitivity, and was very useful when detecting IFNT in ovine uterine flushings from Days 13-16 of pregnancy and in uterine vein blood from Days 15 to 16 of pregnancy, it was not able to detect IFNT in jugular vein blood in sheep or in tail vein blood from similar stages of early pregnancy in cattle (data not shown). The sensitivity of the assay in ovine uterine vein flushings was about 70 pg/ml. The sensitivity of the assay for IFNT in serum was only 200 pg/ml; which was significantly improved over other assays described for IFNT, but possibly not enough to allow detection of IFNT in the blood. The sensitivity of the IFNT RIA using serum may have been impacted by factors in serum that are not present in uterine flushing which interfered with the assay.

Example 2: Detection of Interferon-Tau in Blood from Pregnant Dairy Cows Using Radioimmunoassay

The Inventors developed a sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) for bovine and ovine IFNT. This assay has application for use in all ruminant species. IFNT is release by the ruminant conceptus and historically was thought to be sequestered in the uterine lumen with no release into the systemic circulation in detectable amounts. IFNT is only produced by the trophectoderm cells of the ruminant embryo. For this reason it is a very specific marker for presence of a conceptus (embryo proper and extrembryonic trophectoderm). The greater antiviral activity described in uterine vein blood from Day 15 pregnant compared to nonpregnant sheep, together with ablated antiviral activity obtained by preadsorption of uterine vein blood from Day 15 pregnant sheep with antibody against IFNT demonstrates that the active antiviral cytokine in uterine vein blood was IFNT. This was confirmed by detection of IFNT in uterine vein blood by Day 16 of pregnancy in sheep using RIA and by mass spectroscopy approaches. To date, IFNT has not been found in peripheral blood in sheep or cattle during early pregnancy. The Inventors therefore developed a method of detection of IFNT in blood from cattle by Day 18 of pregnancy by optimizing primary anti-IFNT antibody dilution, reducing background in the assay because of matrix effect and using freshly collected serum. Detection of IFNT in tail vein or jugular vein blood is novel and significant in context of application for identify cattle carrying a conceptus. The present invention has particular utility in identification of cattle that are not carrying an embryo and can be managed immediately to return to estrus and ovulation.

IFNT Peptide and Glycosylation Identification after Trypsin Digest

In order to determine IFNT peptides that are conserved across the ovine and bovine species after trypsin digestion, the proper sequence identifications were located utilizing uniprote and placed into ExPASy peptide cutter program. From there the peptides were placed into ExPASy glycomod program to identified glycosylated amino acids on the bovine amino acid sequence that would increase the mass of the amino acids. From there the amino acids were compared for conservation between the species and an absence of glycosylation.

Radioimmunoassay Identification of IFNT in Peripheral Blood

Utilizing the assay with serum added to the standard we were able with 100% accuracy to determine if a dairy cow was pregnant by measuring IFNT in Tail blood samples collected on day 19 after artificial insemination (FIG. 3). In cows that were bred but did not calve we determined that 3 were not pregnant and 2 appeared to be pregnant at day 19 but later lost the conceptus (FIG. 3). In aims to improve detection methods, reduce cost and analysis time due to analysis with RIA, protein enrichment, mass spectroscopy and gas chromatograpy methods have also been developed (see Example 3, infra).

Identification of Three Conserved IFNT Peptides that are not Glycosylated

Utilizing the ExPASy modeling software we were able to trypsin digest ovine and bovine IFNT and determine conserved amino acid sequences between the two (Table 1). This software was also used to determine amino acids that have the potential to be glycosylated in bovine IFNT peptides changing the molecular mass of the peptide (Table 2; potential glycosylation sites bolded). These two comparisons revealed 3 unique and conserved peptide sequences for bovine and ovine IFNT to be further utilized for mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography identification in serum (Table 3).

TABLE 1 Conserved IFNT Peptide Amino Acid Sequences. Sheep Bovine AA sequence Mass (Da) AA sequence Mass (Da) ENLR (SEQ ID NO: 5) 530.581 ENLR (SEQ ID NO: 5) 530.581 LLDR (SEQ ID NO: 6) 515.610 LLAR (SEQ ID NO: 7) 471.600 MNRPSPHSCLQDR (SEQ ID NO: 8) 1540.735 MNR 419.449 (1584.781) LSPHPCLQDR (SEQ ID NO: 9) 1165.332 K 146.189 K 146.189 MDPIVTVK (SEQ ID NO: 10) 902.117 MGPILTVK (SEQ ID NO: 11) 858.107 YFQGIHDYLQEK (SEQ ID NO: 12) 1540.695 YFQGIHVYLK (SEQ ID NO: 13) 1267.493 VEMMR (SEQ ID NO: 14) 664.836 VEMMR (SEQ ID NO: 14) 664.836 ALTSSTTLK (SEQ ID NO: 15) 921.059 ALSSSTTLQK (SEQ ID NO: 16) 1035.162

TABLE 2 Glycosylated Amino Acids in Conserved IFNT Sequences. Bovine AA sequence Mass (Da) ENLR (SEQ ID NO: 5) 530.581 LLAR (SEQ ID NO: 7) 471.600 MNR 419.449 LSPHPCLQDR (SEQ ID NO: 9) 1165.332 K 146.189 MGPILTVK (SEQ ID NO: 11) 858.107 YFQGIHVYLK (SEQ ID NO: 13) 1267.493 VEMMR (SEQ ID NO: 14) 664.836 ALSSSTTLQK (SEQ ID NO: 16) 1035.162

TABLE 3 Non-glycosylated Conserved Peptide Sequences for Mass Spectroscopy Identification of IFNT. Sheep Bovine AA sequence Mass (Da) AA sequence Mass (Da) ENLR (SEQ ID NO: 5) 530.581 ENLR (SEQ ID NO: 5) 530.581 K 146.189 K 146.189 VEMMR (SEQ ID NO: 14) 664.836 VEMMR (SEQ ID NO: 14) 664.836

Protein Enrichment Prior to Identification

The acidic isoelectric point of IFNT allows for it to be enriched from serum through binding to a strong anion exchanger at pH of 8.2. IFNT was first purified from conceptus secretory proteins by using similar DEAE anion exchange chromotography. In order to achieve a 5-fold enrichment (assuming 100/o recovery), 1 ml serum from jugular blood was diluted in 14 ml Tris pH 8.1 in order to obtain final pH of 8.2 for binding to the anion exchange matrix. This buffered and diluted bovine serum was pre-filtered using a 0.45 μm filter (Milipore) and then loaded and centrifuged (500×g; 5 min) through the Pierce Strong Ion Exchange columns (anion exchange) spin column. Proteins with no affinity to the matrix were removed through washing with 10 ml of Tris pH 8.2 and then the columns were loaded with 10 mL of 0.025 M Tris pH 8.2/0.15 M NaCl and spun again. This first salt cut was predicated to not appreciably impact amount of IFNT bound to the column and if this is the case, then future studies will entail loading and washing columns with 0.15 M NaCl. The flow through was collected and the columns were then loaded with 0.025 M Tris pH 8.2/0.3M NaCl and the flow through was collected again, which is predicted to contain IFNT. Finally, the columns were loaded with 0.025 M Tris pH 8.2/2M NaCL and the flow through was collected to ensure complete elution of IFNT. Fractions were then desalted using 3,000 Da columns from Millipore (Amicon ultracentrifuge filter) and resuspended in 200 μl RIA buffer. All collection fractions are stored frozen in preparation for analysis in the IFNT RIA.

Example 3: Detection of IFNT by Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical chemistry technique used to identify the amount and type of materials, chemicals, or compounds present in a sample. A sample is injected into the injection port of the MS device. In a typical MS procedure, a sample, which may be solid, liquid, or gas, is ionized, for example by bombarding it with electrons. This may cause some of the sample's molecules to break into charged fragments. These ions are then separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio, typically by accelerating them and subjecting them to an electric or magnetic field: ions of the same mass-to-charge ratio will undergo the same amount of deflection. The ions are detected by a mechanism capable of detecting charged particles, such as an electron multiplier. Each component, compound, or chemical injected ideally produces a specific spectral peak that may be recorded on a paper chart or electronically. The time elapsed between injection and elution is called the “retention time” which can be used to differentiate between compounds. The size of the peaks is proportional to the quantity of the corresponding substances in the specimen analyzed.

The methods for detecting IFNT by MS were developed using prepared culture media collected from Conceptus and Endometrium tissue cultures. The secreted proteins from each sample (i.e. secretome) were profiled. The proteins collected from uterine flushings were also profiled. Spectral counting and relative quantitation of differentially abundant proteins from 12 hr and 24 hr time points was performed for both Conceptus and Endometrium. These biological samples were used to test the IFNT multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) assay.

Conceptus secretome sample were collected at 12 (1042 Conceptus) or 24 (2752 Conceptus) hours of culturing. The total weight for the 1042 Conceptus culture was approximately 9 mg. The total weigh for the 2752 Conceptus culture was 21 mg. 51 μg of protein obtained from each Conceptus culture was digested with trypsin, and 1 μg of the digested protein was analyzed via chromatography and mass spectrometry. Each sample was injected 2× and run on a standard 90 minute liquid chromatography-gradient.

Biopsied Endometrium specimens were cultured for 12 (1042) or 24 (2752) hours. For the 12 hour cultures, half of a 0.39 g specimen was divided into 3 wells and cultured in DMEM. For the 24 hour cultures, half of a 0.291 specimen was divided into 3 wells and cultured in DMEM. Following culturing, 30 μg of total protein was collected from each culture and digested with trypsin. 1 μg of the digested total protein was analyzed by chromatography and mass spectrometry. Each sample was injected 2× and run on a standard 90 minute liquid chromatography-gradient.

30 μg of total protein from uterine flushings were digested with trypsin. 1 μg of the digested total protein was analyzed by chromatography and mass spectrometry. Each sample was injected 2× and run on a standard 90 minute liquid chromatography-gradient Analysis of the Conceptus secretome identified 412 proteins in total; 229 proteins were identified in the 1042 sample, and 386 were identified in the 2752 sample, with 203 of the identified proteins present in both samples. Analysis of the Endometrium culture secretome identified 390 total proteins; 348 in the 12 hour culture (Sample 1042), and 282 in the 24 hour culture (Sample 2752), with 240 of the identified proteins present in both samples. Analysis of the uterine flushing samples identified 419 total proteins.

Three different IFNT trypsin digest products—MGPILTVK (SEQ ID NO: 11); DFGLPQEMVEGNQLQK (SEQ ID NO:17); and LSPHPCLQDR (SEQ ID NO:9)—were investigated for MS analysis using increasing amounts of each. As shown in FIG. 4, each peptide was identifiable by retention time on the chromatographs. The amount of IFNT in the Conceptus, Endometrium, and uterine flushing samples was analyzed by the MS method, using the peak having a retention time of 5.7 corresponding to the MGPILTVK peptide fragment of IFNT, as shown in FIG. 5A. Based on the size of the peaks, the amount of IFNT in each sample was quantified, as shown in FIG. 5B. The amount of IFNT in the Conceptus culture filtrate was twice as high in the 24 hour sample, as compared to the 12 hour sample, as detected by this assay. These results demonstrate that this MS-based detection method is both specific and sensitive.

REFERENCES

-   Alberta, J. A., L. F. Epstein, et al. (1989). “Mitochondrial     localization of a phosphoprotein that rapidly accumulates in adrenal     cortex cells exposed to adrenocorticotropic hormone or to cAMP.” J     Biol Chem 264(4): 2368-72. -   Alila, H. W. and W. Hansel (1984). “Origin of different cell types     in the bovine corpus luteum as characterized by specific monoclonal     antibodies.” Biol Reprod 31(5): 1015-25. -   Allison Gray, C., F. F. Bartol, et al. (2000). “Ovine uterine gland     knock-out model: effects of gland ablation on the estrous cycle.”     Biol Reprod 62(2): 448-56. -   Anthony, R. V. et al. 1988. Synthesis and processing of ovine     trophoblast protein-1 and bovine trophoblast protein-1, conceptus     secretory proteins involved in the maternal recognition of     pregnancy. Endocrinology 123: 1274-1280. -   Antoniazzi, A. Q., B. T. Webb, et al. (2013). “Endocrine delivery of     interferon tau protects the corpus luteum from prostaglandin F2     alpha-induced luteolysis in ewes.” Biol Reprod 88(6): 144. -   Arakane, F., S. R. King, et al. (1997). “Phosphorylation of     steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) modulates its     steroidogenic activity.” J Biol Chem 272(51): 32656-62. -   Armstrong, L. C., B. Bjorkblom, et al. (2002). “Thrombospondin 2     inhibits microvascular endothelial cell proliferation by a     caspase-independent mechanism.” Mol Biol Cell 13(6): 1893-905. -   Arosh, J. A., S. K. Banu, et al. (2004). “Effect of interferon-tau     on prostaglandin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling at the time     of maternal recognition of pregnancy in cattle: evidence of     polycrine actions of prostaglandin E2.” Endocrinology 145(11):     5280-93. -   Arvisais, E., X. Hou, et al. “Prostaglandin F2alpha represses     IGF-I-stimulated IRS1/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT signaling in     the corpus luteum: role of ERK and P70 ribosomal S6 kinase.” Mol     Endocrinol 24(3): 632-43. -   Ashburner, M., C. A. Ball, et al. (2000). “Gene ontology: tool for     the unification of biology. The Gene Ontology Consortium.” Nature     Genetics 25(1): 25-9. -   Ashworth, C. J. and F. W. Bazer (1989). “Changes in ovine conceptus     and endometrial function following asynchronous embryo transfer or     administration of progesterone.” Biol Reprod 40(2): 425-33. -   Austin, K. J., B. M. Bany, et al. (2003). “Interferon-stimulated     gene-15 (Isg15) expression is up-regulated in the mouse uterus in     response to the implanting conceptus.” Endocrinology 144(7):     3107-13. -   Austin, K. J., A. L. Carr, et al. (2004). “Localization of ISG15 and     conjugated proteins in bovine endometrium using immunohistochemistry     and electron microscopy.” Endocrinology 145(2): 967-75. -   Austin, K. J., S. K. Ward, et al. (1996). “Ubiquitin cross-reactive     protein is released by the bovine uterus in response to interferon     during early pregnancy.” Biol Reprod 54(3): 600-6. -   Babiychuk, E. B. and A. Draeger (2000). “Annexins in cell membrane     dynamics. Ca(2+)-regulated association of lipid microdomains.” J     Cell Biol 150(5): 1113-24. -   Balasubramanian, K., H. A. Lavoic, et al. (1997). “Regulation of     porcine granulosa cell steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)     by insulin-like growth factor I: synergism with follicle-stimulating     hormone or protein kinase A agonist.” Endocrinology 138(1): 433-9. -   Banu, S. K., J. A. Arosh, et al. (2005). “Expression of     prostaglandin transporter in the bovine uterus and fetal membranes     during pregnancy.” Biol Reprod 73(2): 230-6. -   Barcikowski, B., J. C. Carlson, et al. (1974). “The effect of     endogenous and exogenous estradiol-17beta on the release of     prostaglandin F2alpha from the ovine uterus.” Endocrinology 95(5):     1340-9. -   Bauersachs, S., K. Mitko, et al. (2008). “Transcriptome studies of     bovine endometrium reveal molecular profiles characteristic for     specific stages of estrous cycle and early pregnancy.” Exp Clin     Endocrinol Diabetes 116(7): 371-84. -   Bauersachs, S., S. E. Ulbrich, et al. (2012). “Comparison of the     effects of early pregnancy with human interferon, alpha 2 (IFNA2),     on gene expression in bovine endometrium.” Biol Reprod 86(2): 46. -   Bauersachs, S. and E. Wolf (2013). “Immune aspects of     embryo-maternal cross-talk in the bovine uterus.” J Reprod Immunol     97(1): 20-6. -   Bazer, F. W., J. Kim, et al. (2012). “Select nutrients,     progesterone, and interferon tau affect conceptus metabolism and     development.” Ann N Y Acad Sci 1271: 88-96. -   Bazer, F. W. and R. M. Roberts (1983). “Biochemical aspects of     conceptus—endometrial interactions.” J Exp Zool 228(2): 373-83. -   Bazer, F. W., J. L. Vallet, R. M. Roberts, D. C. Sharp, and W. W.     Thatcher. 1986. Role of conceptus secretory products in     establishment of pregnancy. Journal of reproduction and fertility     76: 841-850. -   Bazer, F. W., W. W. Thatcher, et al. (1991). “Physiological     mechanisms of pregnancy recognition in ruminants.” J Reprod Fertil     Suppl 43: 39-47. -   Bazer, F. W., G. Wu, et al. (2010). “Novel pathways for implantation     and establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in mammals.” Mol Hum     Reprod 16(3): 135-52. -   Bebington, C., F. J. Doherty, et al. (1999). “Ubiquitin     cross-reactive protein gene expression is increased in decidualized     endometrial stromal cells at the initiation of pregnancy.” Mol Hum     Reprod 5(10): 966-72. -   Bekisz, J., H. Schmeisser, et al. (2004). “Human interferons alpha,     beta and omega.” Growth Factors 22(4): 243-51. -   Berg, D. K., J. van Leeuwen, et al. (2010). “Embryo loss in cattle     between Days 7 and 16 of pregnancy.” Theriogenology 73(2): 250-60. -   Berisha, B., D. Schams, et al. (2000). “Expression and tissue     concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor, its receptors,     and localization in the bovine corpus luteum during estrous cycle     and pregnancy.” Biol Reprod 63(4): 1106-14. -   Binelli, M., A. Guzeloglu, et al. (2000). “Interferon-tau modulates     phorbol ester-induced production of prostaglandin and expression of     cyclooxygenase-2 and phospholipase-A(2) from bovine endometrial     cells.” Biol Reprod 63(2): 417-24. -   Binelli, M., P. Subramaniam, et al. (2001). “Bovine interferon-tau     stimulates the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of     transcription pathway in bovine endometrial epithelial cells.” Biol     Reprod 64(2): 654-65. -   Bittman, E. L. and F. J. Karsch (1984). “Nightly duration of pineal     melatonin secretion determines the reproductive response to     inhibitory day length in the ewe.” Biol Reprod 30(3): 585-93. -   Black, S. M., J. A. Harikrishna, et al. (1994). “The mitochondrial     environment is required for activity of the cholesterol side-chain     cleavage enzyme, cytochrome P450scc.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91(15):     7247-51. -   Blohm, F., B. Friden, et al. (2008). “A prospective longitudinal     population-based study of clinical miscarriage in an urban Swedish     population.” BJOG 115(2): 176-82; discussion 183. -   Bogan, R. L. and G. D. Niswender (2007). “Constitutive     steroidogenesis in ovine large luteal cells may be mediated by     tonically active protein kinase A.” Biol Reprod 77(2): 209-16. -   Borner, C. (2003). “The Bcl-2 protein family: sensors and     checkpoints for life-or-death decisions.” Mol Immunol 39(11):     615-47. -   Bott, R. C. et al. 2010. Uterine vein infusion of interferon tau     (IFNT) extends luteal life span in ewes. Biology of reproduction 82:     725-735. -   Braunschweig, A. and M. Jozsi (2011). “Human pentraxin 3 binds to     the complement regulator c4b-binding protein.” PLoS One 6(8):     e23991. -   Bremer, J. (1983). “Carnitine-metabolism and functions.” Physiol Rev     63(4): 1420-80. -   Bromer, J. G. and E. Seli (2008). “Assessment of embryo viability in     assisted reproductive technology: shortcomings of current approaches     and the emerging role of metabolomics.” Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol     20(3): 234-41. -   Budnik, L. T., D. Jahner, et al. (1999). “Inhibitory effects of TNF     alpha on mouse tumor Leydig cells: possible role of ceramide in the     mechanism of action.” Mol Cell Endocrinol 150(1-2): 39-46. -   Caffrey, J. L., T. M. Nett, et al. (1979). “Activity of     3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid dehydrogenase/delta5-delta4-isomerase     in the ovine corpus luteum.” Biol Reprod 20(2): 279-87. -   Cardinali, D. P. and M. I. Vacas (1987). “Cellular and molecular     mechanisms controlling melatonin release by mammalian pineal     glands.” Cell Mol Neurobiol 7(4): 323-37. -   Chapman, L. P., M. J. Epton, et al. (2003). “Evidence for a role of     the adenosine 5′-triphosphate-binding cassette transporter A1 in the     externalization of annexin I from pituitary folliculo-stellate     cells.” Endocrinology 144(3): 1062-73. -   Charleston, B. and H. J. Stewart (1993). “An interferon-induced Mx     protein: cDNA sequence and high-level expression in the endometrium     of pregnant sheep.” Gene 137(2): 327-31. -   Chegini, N., Z. M. Lei, et al. (1991). “Cellular distribution and     cycle phase dependency of gonadotropin and eicosanoid binding sites     in bovine corpora lutea.” Biol Reprod 45(3): 506-13. -   Chen, Y. J., Q. Feng, et al. (1999). “Expression of the     steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and luteinizing hormone     receptor and their regulation by tumor necrosis factor alpha in rat     corpora lutea.” Biol Reprod 60(2): 419-27. -   Christenson, L. K., S. Gunewardena, et al. (2013). “Research     resource: preovulatory LH surge effects on follicular theca and     granulosa transcriptomes.” Mol Endocrinol 27(7): 1153-71. -   Chung, P. H., T. W. Sandhoff, et al. (1998). “Hormone and     prostaglandin F2 alpha regulation of messenger ribonucleic acid     encoding steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in human corpora     lutea.” Endocrine 8(2): 153-60. -   Clark, B. J., J. Wells, et al. (1994). “The purification, cloning,     and expression of a novel luteinizing hormone-induced mitochondrial     protein in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. Characterization of the     steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR).” J Biol Chem 269(45):     28314-22. -   Cohen, T., D. Nahari, et al. (1996). “Interleukin 6 induces the     expression of vascular endothelial growth factor.” J Biol Chem     271(2): 736-41. -   Colles, S. M., J. K. Woodford, et al. (1995). “Cholesterol     interaction with recombinant human sterol carrier protein-2.” Lipids     30(9): 795-803. -   Danet-Desnoyers, G., C. Wetzels, et al. (1994). “Natural and     recombinant bovine interferon tau regulate basal and     oxytocin-induced secretion of prostaglandins F2 alpha and E2 by     epithelial cells and stromal cells in the endometrium.” Reprod     Fertil Dev 6(2): 193-202. -   Danielsen, E. M., B. van Deurs, et al. (2003). ““Nonclassical”     secretion of annexin A2 to the lumenal side of the enterocyte brush     border membrane.” Biochemistry 42(49): 14670-6. -   Davis, J. S. and B. R. Rueda (2002). “The corpus luteum: an ovarian     structure with maternal instincts and suicidal tendencies.” Front     Biosci 7: d1949-78. -   Davis, T. L., R. C. Bott, et al. (2010). “Progesterone inhibits     oxytocin- and prostaglandin F2alpha-stimulated increases in     intracellular calcium concentrations in small and large ovine luteal     cells.” Biol Reprod 82(2): 282-8. -   de la Rochebrochard, E. and P. Thonneau (2002). “Paternal age and     maternal age are risk factors for miscarriage; results of a     multicentre European study.” Hum Reprod 17(6): 1649-56. -   Deban, L., S. Jaillon, et al. (2010). “Pentraxins in innate     immunity: lessons from PTX3.” Cell Tissue Res 343(1): 237-49. -   Dennis, E. A., S. G. Rhee, et al. (1991). “Role of phospholipase in     generating lipid second messengers in signal transduction.” FASEB J     5(7): 2068-77. -   Diekman, M. A., P. O. O'Callaghan, et al. (1978). “Effect of     prostaglandin F2alpha on the number of LH receptors in ovine corpora     lutea.” Biol Reprod 19(5): 1010-3. -   Diekman, M. A., P. O. O'Callaghan, et al. (1978). “Validation of     methods and quantification of luteal receptors for LH throughout the     estrous cycle and early pregnancy in ewes.” Biol Reprod 19(5):     999-1009. -   Dinan, L. and R. Lafont (2006). “Effects and applications of     arthropod steroid hormones (ecdysteroids) in mammals.” J Endocrinol     191(1): 1-8. -   Diskin, M. G. and D. G. Morris (2008). “Embryonic and early foetal     losses in cattle and other ruminants.” Reprod Domest Anim 43 Suppl     2: 260-7. -   Diskin, M. G., J. J. Murphy, et al. (2006). “Embryo survival in     dairy cows managed under pastoral conditions.” Anim Reprod Sci     96(3-4): 297-311. -   Dijkhuizen, A. A. 1983. Economic aspects of disease and disease     control in dairy cattle. Veterinary Faculty Utrecht, The     Netherlands. -   Driancourt, M. A., W. R. Gibson, et al. (1985). “Follicular dynamics     throughout the oestrous cycle in sheep. A review.” Reprod Nutr Dev     25(1A): 1-15. -   Dwyer, R. J. and R. B. Church (1979). “Effect of prostaglandin F-2     alpha on ovarian enzyme activity in the hysterectomized guinea-pig.”     J Reprod Fertil 56(1): 85-8. -   Dwyer, R. J. and R. B. Church (1979). “Effect of prostaglandin F-2     alpha on plasma levels of progesterone and pregnenolone in the     hysterectomized guinea-pig.” J Reprod Fertil 56(1): 81-4. -   Ellish, N. J., K. Saboda, et al. (1996). “A prospective study of     early pregnancy loss.” Hum Reprod 11(2): 406-12. -   Epstein, L. F. and N. R. Orme-Johnson (1991). “Acute action of     luteinizing hormone on mouse Leydig cells: accumulation of     mitochondrial phosphoproteins and stimulation of testosterone     synthesis.” Mol Cell Endocrinol 81(1-3): 113-26. -   Epstein, L. F. and N. R. Orme-Johnson (1991). “Regulation of steroid     hormone biosynthesis. Identification of precursors of a     phosphoprotein targeted to the mitochondrion in stimulated rat     adrenal cortex cells.” J Biol Chem 266(29): 19739-45. -   Esemuede, N., T. Lee, et al. (2004). “The role of thrombospondin-1     in human disease.” J Surg Res 122(1): 135-42. -   Farin, C. E., C. L. Moeller, et al. (1986). “Morphometric analysis     of cell types in the ovine corpus luteum throughout the estrous     cycle.” Biol Reprod 35(5): 1299-308. -   Farkash, Y., R. Timberg, et al. (1986). “Preparation of antiserum to     rat cytochrome P-450 cholesterol side chain cleavage, and its use     for ultrastructural localization of the immunoreactive enzyme by     protein A-gold technique.” Endocrinology 118(4): 1353-65. -   Faulkner, S., G. Elia, et al. “A comparison of the bovine uterine     and plasma proteome using iTRAQ proteomics.” Proteomics 12(12):     2014-23. -   Faure, A. V., C. Migne, et al. (2002). “Annexin 2 “secretion”     accompanying exocytosis of chromaffin cells: possible mechanisms of     annexin release.” Exp Cell Res 276(1): 79-89. -   Ferreira, S. H. and J. R. Vane (1967). “Prostaglandins: their     disappearance from and release into the circulation.” Nature     216(5118): 868-73. -   Fitz, T. A., M. H. Mayan, et al. (1982). “Characterization of two     steroidogenic cell types in the ovine corpus luteum.” Biol Reprod     27(3): 703-11. -   Fleury, A., L. Ducharme, et al. (1998). “In vivo effects of     adrenocorticotrophin on the expression of the hamster steroidogenic     acute regulatory protein.” J Mol Endocrinol 21(2): 131-9. -   Flohr, F., S. Schneider-Schaulies, et al. (1999). “The central     interactive region of human MxA GTPase is involved in GTPase     activation and interaction with viral target structures.” FEBS Lett     463(1-2): 24-8. -   Flower, R. J. (1988). “Eleventh Gaddum memorial lecture. Lipocortin     and the mechanism of action of the glucocorticoids.” Br J Pharmacol     94(4): 987-1015. -   Flower, R. J. and N. J. Rothwell (1994). “Lipocortin-1: cellular     mechanisms and clinical relevance.” Trends Pharmacol Sci 15(3):     71-6. -   Freund, D. M. and J. E. Prenni (2013). “Improved Detection of     Quantitative Differences Using a Combination of Spectral Counting     and MS/MS Total Ion Current.” J Proteome Res. -   Fricke, P. M. (2002). “Scanning the future-ultrasonography as a     reproductive management tool for dairy cattle.” J Dairy Sci 85(8):     1918-26. -   Gao, H., G. Wu, et al. (2009). “Select nutrients in the ovine     uterine lumen. I. Amino acids, glucose, and ions in uterine lumenal     flushings of cyclic and pregnant ewes.” Biol Reprod 80(1): 86-93. -   Garlanda, C., V. Maina, et al. (2008). “Inflammatory reaction and     implantation: the new entries PTX3 and D6.” Placenta 29 Suppl B:     129-34. -   Geary, T. W. (2005). “Management strategies to reduce embryonic     loss.” Proc. Range Beef Cow Symposium XIX. October 3rd (Rapid     City, S. Dak.): 78-87. -   Gerke, V., C. E. Creutz, et al. (2005). “Annexins: linking Ca2+     signalling to membrane dynamics.” Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6(6):     449-61. -   Gifford, C. A., K. Racicot, et al. (2007). “Regulation of     interferon-stimulated genes in peripheral blood leukocytes in     pregnant and bred, nonpregnant dairy cows.” J Dairy Sci 90(1):     274-80. -   Glass, J. D., T. A. Fitz, et al. (1984). “Cytosolic receptor for     estradiol in the corpus luteum of the ewe: variation throughout the     estrous cycle and distribution between large and small steroidogenic     cell types.” Biol Reprod 31(5): 967-74. -   Goding, J. R., F. A. Harrison, et al. (1967). “Ovarian activity in     the ewe after autotransplantation of the ovary or uterus to the     neck.” J Physiol 191(2): 129P-130P. -   Godkin, J. D., F. W. Bazer, J. Moffatt, F. Sessions, and R. M.     Roberts. 1982. Purification and properties of a major, low molecular     weight protein released by the trophoblast of sheep blastocysts at     day 13-21. Journal of reproduction and fertility 65: 141-150. -   Godkin, J. D., F. W. Bazer, and R. M. Roberts. 1984. Ovine     trophoblast protein 1, an early secreted blastocyst protein, binds     specifically to uterine endometrium and affects protein synthesis.     Endocrinology 114: 120-130. -   Godkin, J. D., S. E. Smith, et al. (1997). “The role of trophoblast     interferons in the maintenance of early pregnancy in ruminants.” Am     J Reprod Immunol 37(1): 137-43. -   Gomez, E., J. N. Caamano, et al. “Embryonic sex induces differential     expression of proteins in bovine uterine fluid.” J Proteome Res     12(3): 1199-210. -   Gray, C. A., C. A. Abbey, et al. (2006). “Identification of     endometrial genes regulated by early pregnancy, progesterone, and     interferon tau in the ovine uterus.” Biol Reprod 74(2): 383-94. -   Greenaway, J., J. Lawler, et al. (2007). “Thrombospondin-1 inhibits     VEGF levels in the ovary directly by binding and internalization via     the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1).” J     Cell Physiol 210(3): 807-18. -   Groenendaal, H., D. T. Galligan, and H. A. Mulder. 2004. An economic     spreadsheet model to determine optimal breeding and replacement     decisions for dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 87: 2146-2157. -   Guo, N., H. C. Krutzsch, et al. (1997). “Thrombospondin 1 and type I     repeat peptides of thrombospondin 1 specifically induce apoptosis of     endothelial cells.” Cancer Res 57(9): 1735-42. -   Gupta, K., P. Gupta, et al. (1999). “Binding and displacement of     vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by thrombospondin: effect     on human microvascular endothelial cell proliferation and     angiogenesis.” Angiogenesis 3(2): 147-58. -   Gupta, S. (2003). “Molecular signaling in death receptor and     mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis (Review).” Int J Oncol 22(1):     15-20. -   Guthrie, H. D., C. E. Rexroad, Jr., et al. (1979). “In vitro release     of progesterone and prostaglandins F and E by porcine luteal and     endometrial tissue during induced luteolysis.” Adv Exp Med Biol 112:     627-32. -   Guzeloglu, A., M. Binelli, et al. (2004). “Inhibition of phorbol     ester-induced PGF2alpha secretion by IFN-tau is not through     regulation of protein kinase C.” Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat     74(1-4): 87-99. -   Haas, A. L., P. Ahrens, et al. (1987). “Interferon induces a     15-kilodalton protein exhibiting marked homology to ubiquitin.” J     Biol Chem 262(23): 11315-23. -   Han, H., K. J. Austin, L. A. Rempel, and T. R. Hansen. 2006. Low     blood ISG15 mRNA and progesterone levels are predictive of     non-pregnant dairy cows. The Journal of endocrinology 191: 505-512. -   Hansen, P. J., R. V. Anthony, et al. (1985). “In vitro synthesis and     secretion of ovine trophoblast protein-1 during the period of     maternal recognition of pregnancy.” Endocrinology 117(4): 1424-30. -   Hansen, T. R., K. J. Austin, et al. (1999). “Mechanism of action of     interferon-tau in the uterus during early pregnancy.” J Reprod     Fertil Suppl 54: 329-39. -   Hansen, T. R., L. K. Henkes, et al. (2010). “Endocrine actions of     interferon-tau in ruminants.” Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl 67: 325-40. -   Hansen, T. R., K. Imakawa, et al. (1988). “Interferon RNA of     embryonic origin is expressed transiently during early pregnancy in     the ewe.” J Biol Chem. 263(26): 12801-12804. -   Harrison, L. M., N. Kenny, et al. (1987). “Progesterone production,     LH receptors, and oxytocin secretion by ovine luteal cell types on     days 6, 10 and 15 of the oestrous cycle and day 25 of pregnancy.” J     Reprod Fertil 79(2): 539-48. -   Hawkins, D. E., C. J. Belfiore, et al. (1993). “Regulation of     messenger ribonucleic acid encoding 3 beta-hydroxysteroid     dehydrogenase/delta 5-delta 4 isomerase in the ovine corpus luteum.”     Biol Reprod 48(5): 1185-90. -   Heazell, A. E., M. Brown, et al. (2010). “Review: The effects of     oxygen on normal and pre-eclamptic placental tissue-insights from     metabolomics.” Placenta 32 Suppl 2: S119-24. -   Henderson, K. M., R. J. Scaramuzzi, et al. (1977). “Simultaneous     infusion of prostaglandin E2 antagonizes the luteolytic action of     prostaglandin F2alpha in vivo.” J Endocrinol 72(3): 379-83. -   Henkes, L. E., B. T. Sullivan, et al. (2008). “Acid sphingomyelinase     involvement in tumor necrosis factor alpha-regulated vascular and     steroid disruption during luteolysis in vivo.” Proc Natl Acad Sci     USA 105(22): 7670-5. -   Herbert, D., J. Lucke, et al. (2009). “Pregnancy losses in young     Australian women: findings from the Australian Longitudinal Study on     Women's Health.” Womens Health Issues 19(1): 21-9. -   Horisberger, M. A., P. Staeheli, et al. (1983). “Interferon induces     a unique protein in mouse cells bearing a gene for resistance to     influenza virus.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80(7): 1910-4. -   Hou, X., E. W. Arvisais, et al. (2008). “Prostaglandin F2alpha     stimulates the expression and secretion of transforming growth     factor BI via induction of the early growth response 1 gene (EGR1)     in the bovine corpus luteum.” Mol Endocrinol 22(2): 403-14. -   Hoyer, P. B. (1998). “Regulation of luteal regression: the ewe as a     model.” J Soc Gynecol Investig 5(2): 49-57. -   Hoyer, P. B., T. A. Fitz, et al. (1984). “Hormone-independent     activation of adenylate cyclase in large steroidogenic ovine luteal     cells does not result in increased progesterone secretion.”     Endocrinology 114(2): 604-8. -   Huang, Y., W. A. Border, et al. (2006). “Noninhibitory PAI-1     enhances plasmin-mediated matrix degradation both in vitro and in     experimental nephritis.” Kidney Int 70(3): 515-22. -   Hugentobler, S. A., J. M. Sreenan, et al. “Effects of changes in the     concentration of systemic progesterone on ions, amino acids and     energy substrates in cattle oviduct and uterine fluid and blood.”     Reprod Fertil Dev 22(4): 684-94. -   Huie, J. M., R. R. Magness, et al. (1981). “Effect of chronic     ipsilateral or contralateral intrauterine infusion of prostaglandin     E1 (PGE1) on luteal function of unilaterally ovariectomized ewes.”     Prostaglandins 21(6): 945-55. -   Humblot, P. (2001). “Use of pregnancy specific proteins and     progesterone assays to monitor pregnancy and determine the timing,     frequencies and sources of embryonic mortality in ruminants.”     Theriogenology 56(9): 1417-33. -   Imakawa, K. et al. 1987. Interferon-like sequence of ovine     trophoblast protein secreted by embryonic trophectoderm. Nature 330:     377-379. -   Imakawa, K. et al. 1989. Molecular cloning and characterization of     complementary deoxyribonucleic acids corresponding to bovine     trophoblast protein-1: a comparison with ovine trophoblast protein-1     and bovine interferon-alpha II. Mol Endocrinol 3: 127-139. -   Indiveri, C., V. Iacobazzi, et al. (2011). “The mitochondrial     carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier: function, structure and     physiopathology.” Mol Aspects Med 32(4-6): 223-33. -   Inskeep, E. K. and R. L. Butcher (1966). “Local component of     utero-ovarian relationships in the ewe.” J Anim Sci 25(4): 1164-8. -   Inskeep, E. K., W. J. Smutny, et al. (1975). “Effects of     intrafollicular injections of prostaglandins in non-pregnant and     pregnant ewes.” J Anim Sci 41(4): 1098-104. -   Irizarry, R. A., B. Hobbs, et al. (2003). “Exploration,     normalization, and summaries of high density oligonucleotide array     probe level data.” Biostatistics 4(2): 249-64. -   Jimenez, B., O. V. Volpert, et al. (2000). “Signals leading to     apoptosis-dependent inhibition of neovascularization by     thrombospondin-1.” Nat Med 6(1): 41-8. -   Jockusch, B. M., K. Murk, et al. (2007). “The profile of profilins.”     Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 159: 131-49. -   Johnson, G. A., K. J. Austin, et al. (1999). “Endometrial ISG17 mRNA     and a related mRNA are induced by interferon-tau and localized to     glandular epithelial and stromal cells from pregnant cows.”     Endocrine 10(3): 243-52. -   Johnson, G. A., K. J. Austin, et al. (1998). “Pregnancy and     interferon-tau induce conjugation of bovine ubiquitin cross-reactive     protein to cytosolic uterine proteins.” Biol Reprod 58(4): 898-904. -   Johnson, G. A., T. E. Spencer, et al. (2000). “Interferon-tau and     progesterone regulate ubiquitin cross-reactive protein expression in     the ovine uterus.” Biol Reprod 62(3): 622-7. -   Johnson, G. A., T. E. Spencer, et al. (1999). “Expression of the     interferon tau inducible ubiquitin cross-reactive protein in the     ovine uterus.” Biol Reprod 61(1): 312-8. -   Johnson, G. A., M. D. Stewart, et al. (2001). “Effects of the     estrous cycle, pregnancy, and interferon tau on 2′,5′-oligoadenylate     synthetase expression in the ovine uterus.” Biol Reprod 64(5):     1392-9. -   Johnson, M., P. Davison, et al. (1972). “Carnitine-dependent     oxidation of prostaglandins.” J Biol Chem 247(17): 5656-8. -   Joyce, M. M., F. J. White, et al. (2005). “Interferon stimulated     gene 15 conjugates to endometrial cytosolic proteins and is     expressed at the uterine-placental interface throughout pregnancy in     sheep.” Endocrinology 146(2): 675-84. -   Juengel, J. L., J. D. Haworth, et al. (2000). “Effect of dose of     prostaglandin F(2alpha) on steroidogenic components and     oligonucleosomes in ovine luteal tissue.” Biol Reprod 62(4):     1047-51. -   Juengel, J. L., T. L. Larrick, et al. (1998). “Luteal expression of     steroidogenic factor-1 mRNA during the estrous cycle and in response     to luteotropic and luteolytic stimuli in ewes.” Endocrine 9(3):     227-32. -   Juengel, J. L., B. M. Meberg, et al. (1995), “Hormonal regulation of     messenger ribonucleic acid encoding steroidogenic acute regulatory     protein in ovine corpora lutea.” Endocrinology 136(12): 5423-9. -   Kaczan-Bourgois, D., J. P. Salles, et al. (1996). “Increased content     of annexin II (p36) and p11 in human placenta brush-border membrane     vesicles during syncytiotrophoblast maturation and differentiation.”     Placenta 17(8): 669-76. -   Kahn, W., J. Fraunholz, et al. (1990). “[Sonographic diagnosis of     early pregnancy in horses, cattle, sheep, goats, swine, dogs and     cats. Standard values and limitations].” Berl Munch Tierarztl     Wochenschr 103(6): 206-11. -   Kall, L., J. D. Storey, et al. (2008). “Assigning significance to     peptides identified by tandem mass spectrometry using decoy     databases.” J Proteome Res 7(1): 29-34. -   Kaltenbach, C. C., J. W. Graber, et al. (1968). “Effect of     hypophysectomy on the formation and maintenance of corpora lutea in     the ewe.” Endocrinology 82(4): 753-9. -   Karsch, F. J., J. F. Roche, et al. (1971). “Prolonged maintenance of     the corpus luteum of the ewe by continuous infusion of luteinizing     hormone.” Biol Reprod 4(2): 129-36. -   Keller, A., A. I. Nesvizhskii, et al. (2002). “Empirical statistical     model to estimate the accuracy of peptide identifications made by     MS/MS and database search.” Anal Chem 74(20): 5383-5392. -   Kerban, A., D. Boerboom, et al. (1999). “Human chorionic     gonadotropin induces an inverse regulation of steroidogenic acute     regulatory protein messenger ribonucleic acid in theca interna and     granulosa cells of equine preovulatory follicles.” Endocrinology     140(2): 667-74. -   Khan, K. M. and D. J. Falcone (1997). “Role of laminin in matrix     induction of macrophage urokinase-type plasminogen activator and     92-kDa metalloproteinase expression.” J Biol Chem 272(13): 8270-5. -   Khanna, A., R. F. Aten, et al. (1995). “Heat shock protein-70     induction mediates luteal regression in the rat.” Mol Endocrinol     9(11): 1431-40. -   Khaskheli, M., S. Baloch, et al. (2010). “Risk factors in early     pregnancy complications.” J Coil Physicians Surg Pak 20(11): 744-7. -   Kim, J., G. Song, et al. (2013). “Arginine, leucine, and glutamine     stimulate proliferation of porcine trophectoderm cells through the     MTOR-RPS6K-RPS6-EIF4EBP1 signal transduction pathway.” Biol Reprod     88(5): 113. -   Kim, J. Y., R. C. Burghardt, et al. (2011). “Select nutrients in the     ovine uterine lumen. VII. Effects of arginine, leucine, glutamine,     and glucose on trophectoderm cell signaling, proliferation, and     migration.” Biol Reprod 84(1): 62-9. -   Kliem, H., H. Welter, et al. (2007). “Expression and localisation of     extracellular matrix degrading proteases and their inhibitors during     the oestrous cycle and after induced luteolysis in the bovine corpus     luteum.” Reproduction 134(3): 535-47. -   Koch, J. M., J. Ramadoss, et al. (2010). “Proteomic profile of     uterine luminal fluid from early pregnant ewes.” J Proteome Res     9(8): 3878-85. -   Krikun, G., C. J. Lockwood, et al. (1994). “The expression of the     placental anticoagulant protein, annexin V, by villous trophoblasts:     immunolocalization and in vitro regulation.” Placenta 15(6): 601-12. -   Krueger, R. J. and N. R. Orme-Johnson (1983). “Acute     adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation of adrenal     corticosteroidogenesis. Discovery of a rapidly induced protein.” J     Biol Chem 258(16): 10159-67. -   LaVoie, H. A., J. C. Garmey, et al. (1999). “Mechanisms of     insulin-like growth factor I augmentation of follicle-stimulating     hormone-induced porcine steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene     promoter activity in granulosa cells.” Endocrinology 140(1): 146-53. -   Lawler, J. (2000). “The functions of thrombospondin-1 and -2.” Curr     Opin Cell Biol 12(5): 634-40. -   Leavitt, W. W., W. C. Okulicz, et al. (1985). “Rapid recovery of     nuclear estrogen receptor and oxytocin receptor in the ovine uterus     following progesterone withdrawal.” J Steroid Biochem 22(6): 687-91. -   Lee, J., J. A. McCracken, et al. (2012). “Intraluteal prostaglandin     biosynthesis and signaling are selectively directed towards     PGF2alpha during luteolysis but towards PGE2 during the     establishment of pregnancy in sheep.” Biol Reprod 87(4): 97. -   Lehmann, M. and J. Koolman (1989). “Ecdysteroid receptors of the     blowfly Calliphora vicina. Characterization of binding to     nonspecific DNA.” Eur J Biochem 181(3): 577-82. -   Lehoux, J. G., A. Fleury, et al. (1998). “The acute and chronic     effects of adrenocorticotropin on the levels of messenger     ribonucleic acid and protein of steroidogenic enzymes in rat adrenal     in vivo.” Endocrinology 139(9): 3913-22. -   Lejeune, H., P. Sanchez, et al. (1998). “Time-course effects of     human recombinant luteinizing hormone on porcine Leydig cell     specific differentiated functions.” Mol Cell Endocrinol 144(1-2):     59-69. -   Leslie, C. A. and L. Levine (1973). “Evidence for the presence of a     prostaglandin E 2-9-keto reductase in rat organs.” Biochem Biophys     Res Commun 52(3): 717-24. -   Lestavel, S. and J. C. Fruchart (1994). “Lipoprotein receptors.”     Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 40(4): 461-81. -   Levasseur, M. C. (1983). “Utero-ovarian relationships in placental     mammals: role of uterus and embryo in the regulation of progesterone     secretion by the corpus luteum. A review.” Reprod Nutr Dev 23(5):     793-816. -   Li, J. and R. M. Roberts (1994). “Interferon-tau and     interferon-alpha interact with the same receptors in bovine     endometrium. Use of a readily iodinatable form of recombinant     interferon-tau for binding studies.” J Biol Chem 269(18): 13544-50. -   Lin, D., T. Sugawara, et al. (1995). “Role of steroidogenic acute     regulatory protein in adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis.” Science     267(5205): 1828-31. -   Lin, T., J. Hu, et al. (1998). “Interferon-gamma inhibits the     steroidogenic acute regulatory protein messenger ribonucleic acid     expression and protein levels in primary cultures of rat Leydig     cells.” Endocrinology 139(5): 2217-22. -   Lin, T., D. Wang, et al. (1998). “Upregulation of human chorionic     gonadotrophin-induced steroidogenic acute regulatory protein by     insulin-like growth factor-I in rat Leydig cells.” Endocrine 8(1):     73-8. -   Liu, H. B., R. G. Sadygov, et al. (2004). “A model for random     sampling and estimation of relative protein abundance in shotgun     proteomics.” Anal Chem 76(14): 4193-4201. -   Liu, X. M., G. L. Ding, et al. (2012). “Down-regulation of S100A11,     a calcium-binding protein, in human endometrium may cause     reproductive failure.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(10): 3672-83. -   Liu, Z. and D. M. Stocco (1997). “Heat shock-induced inhibition of     acute steroidogenesis in MA-10 cells is associated with inhibition     of the synthesis of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein.”     Endocrinology 138(7): 2722-8. -   Livak, K. J. and T. D. Schmittgen (2001). “Analysis of relative gene     expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta     Delta C(T)) Method.” Methods 25(4): 402-8. -   Loeb, K. R. and A. L. Haas (1992). “The interferon-inducible 15-kDa     ubiquitin homolog conjugates to intracellular proteins.” J Biol Chem     267(11): 7806-13. -   Luo, L., H. Chen, et al. (1998). “Leydig cell protein synthesis and     steroidogenesis in response to acute stimulation by luteinizing     hormone in rats.” Biol Reprod 59(2): 263-70. -   MacLean, J. A., 2nd, R. M. Roberts, et al. (2004). “Atypical     Kunitz-type serine proteinase inhibitors produced by the ruminant     placenta.” Biol Reprod 71(2): 455-63. -   Magness, R. R., J. M. Huie, et al. (1981). “Effect of chronic     ipsilateral or contralateral intrauterine infusion of prostaglandin     E2 (PGE2) on luteal function of unilaterally ovariectomized ewes.”     Prostaglandins Med 6(4): 389-401. -   Mapletoft, R. J., M. R. Del Campo, et al. (1976). “Local     venoarterial pathway for uterine-induced luteolysis in cows.” Proc     Soc Exp Biol Med 153(2): 289-94. -   Mapletoft, R. J., D. R. Lapin, et al. (1976). “The ovarian artery as     the final component of the local luteotropic pathway between a     gravid uterine horn and ovary in ewes.” Biol Reprod 15(3): 414-21. -   Margosio, B., D. Marchetti, et al. (2003). “Thrombospondin 1 as a     scavenger for matrix-associated fibroblast growth factor 2.” Blood     102(13): 4399-406. -   Maroni, D. and J. S. Davis (2011). “TGFB1 disrupts the angiogenic     potential of microvascular endothelial cells of the corpus luteum.”     J Cell Sci 124(Pt 14): 2501-10. -   Masferrer, J. L., S. T. Reddy, et al. (1994). “In vivo     glucocorticoids regulate cyclooxygenase-2 but not cyclooxygenase-1     in peritoneal macrophages.” J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270(3): 1340-4. -   Mauduit, C., F. Gasnier, et al. (1998). “Tumor necrosis factor-alpha     inhibits leydig cell steroidogenesis through a decrease in     steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression.” Endocrinology     139(6): 2863-8. -   McCracken, J. A., J. C. Carlson, et al. (1972). “Prostaglandin F 2     identified as a luteolytic hormone in sheep.” Nat New Biol 238(83):     129-34. -   McCracken, J. A., E. E. Custer, et al. (1999). “Luteolysis: A     Neuroendocrine-Mediated Event.” Physiological Reviews 79(2):     263-323. -   McCracken, J. A., M. E. Glew, et al. (1970). “Corpus luteum     regression induced by prostagland in F2-alpha.” J Clin Endocrinol     Metab 30(4): 544-6. -   McLaughlin, J. N., M. R. Mazzoni, et al. (2005). “Thrombin modulates     the expression of a set of genes including thrombospondin-1 in human     microvascular endothelial cells.” J Biol Chem 280(23): 22172-80. -   McPherson, L. A., E. A. Van Kirk, et al. (1993). “Localization of     stress protein-70 in ovine corpora lutea during     prostaglandin-induced luteolysis.” Prostaglandins 46(5): 433-40. -   McWaters, P., L. Hurst, et al. (2000). “Characterisation of     monoclonal antibodies to ovine interleukin-6 and the development of     a sensitive capture ELISA.” Vet Immunol Immunopathol 73(2): 155-65. -   Meadows, C., P. J. Rajala-Schultz, and G. S. Frazer. 2005. A     spreadsheet-based model demonstrating the nonuniform economic     effects of varying reproductive performance in Ohio dairy herds. J     Dairy Sci 88: 1244-1254. -   Menkhorst, E. M., N. Lane, et al. (2012). “Decidual-secreted factors     alter invasive trophoblast membrane and secreted proteins implying a     role for decidual cell regulation of placentation.” PLoS One 7(2):     e31418. -   Metwally, M., K. J. Ong, et al. (2008). “Does high body mass index     increase the risk of miscarriage after spontaneous and assisted     conception? A meta-analysis of the evidence.” Fertil Steril 90(3):     714-26. -   Meyer, M. D., G. D. Desnoyers, et al. (1996). “Treatment with     recombinant bovine interferon-tau in utero attenuates secretion of     prostaglandin F from cultured endometrial epithelial cells.” J Dairy     Sci 79(8): 1375-84. -   Milvae, R. A. and W. Hansel (1983). “Prostacyclin, prostaglandin F2     alpha and progesterone production by bovine luteal cells during the     estrous cycle.” Biol Reprod 29(5): 1063-8. -   Mirando, M. A., E. C. Short, Jr., et al. (1991). “Stimulation of     2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase activity in sheep endometrium during     pregnancy, by intrauterine infusion of ovine trophoblast protein-1,     and by intramuscular administration of recombinant bovine     interferon-alpha I1.” J Reprod Fertil 93(2): 599-607. -   Mirochnik, Y., A. Kwiatek, et al. (2008). “Thrombospondin and     apoptosis: molecular mechanisms and use for design of     complementation treatments.” Curr Drug Targets 9(10): 851-62. -   Mondal, M., B. Schilling, et al. (2011). “Deciphering the luteal     transcriptome: potential mechanisms mediating stage-specific     luteolytic response of the corpus luteum to prostaglandin     F(2)alpha.” Physiol Genomics 43(8): 447-56. -   Moor, R. M. and L. E. Rowson (1964). “Influence of the Embryo and     Uterus on Luteal Function in the Sheep.” Nature 201: 522-3. -   Moor, R. M. and L. E. Rowson (1966). “The corpus luteum of the     sheep: effect of the removal of embryos on luteal function.” J     Endocrinol 34(4): 497-502. -   Moor, R. M. and L. E. Rowson (1966). “The corpus luteum of the     sheep: functional relationship between the embryo and the corpus     luteum.” J Endocrinol 34(2): 233-9. -   Moor, R. M. and L. E. Rowson (1966). “Local uterine mechanisms     affecting luteal function in the sheep.” J Reprod Fertil 11(2):     307-10. -   Moore, L. G., V. J. Choy, et al. (1986). “Evidence for the pulsatile     release of PGF-2 alpha inducing the release of ovarian oxytocin     during luteolysis in the ewe.” J Reprod Fertil 76(1): 159-66. -   Mosser, G., C. Ravanat, et al. (1991). “Sub-domain structure of     lipid-bound annexin-V resolved by electron image analysis.” J Mol     Biol 217(2): 241-5. -   Muller-Newen, G., A. Kuster, et al. (1998). “Soluble IL-6 receptor     potentiates the antagonistic activity of soluble gp130 on IL-6     responses.” J Immunol 161(11): 6347-55. -   Munoz, M., F. J. Corrales, et al. “Proteome of the early     embryo-maternal dialogue in the cattle uterus.” J Proteome Res     11(2): 751-66. -   Murphy, B. D. (2000). “Models of luteinization.” Biol Reprod 63(1):     2-11. -   Nackley, A. C., W. Shea-Eaton, et al. (2002). “Repression of the     steroidogenic acute regulatory gene by the multifunctional     transcription factor Yin Yang 1.” Endocrinology 143(3): 1085-96. -   Naivar, K. A., S. K. Ward, et al. (1995). “Secretion of bovine     uterine proteins in response to type I interferons.” Biol Reprod     52(4): 848-54. -   Narasimhan, J., J. L. Potter, et al. (1996). “Conjugation of the     15-kDa interferon-induced ubiquitin homolog is distinct from that of     ubiquitin.” J Biol Chem 271(1): 324-30. -   Nett, T. M., M. C. McClellan, et al. (1976). “Effects of     prostaglandins on the ovine corpus luteum: blood flow, secretion of     progesterone and morphology.” Biol Reprod 15(1): 66-78. -   Nickel, W. (2003). “The mystery of nonclassical protein secretion. A     current view on cargo proteins and potential export routes.” Eur J     Biochem 270(10): 2109-19. -   Nigro, G., M. Mazzocco, et al. (2011). “Role of the infections in     recurrent spontaneous abortion.” J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 24(8):     983-9. -   Nishikawa, T., H. Sasano, et al. (1996). “Regulation of expression     of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein by ACTH in     bovine adrenal fasciculata cells.” Biochem Biophys Res Commun     223(1): 12-8. -   Niswender, G. D., L. E. Reichert, Jr., A. R. Midgley, Jr., and A. V.     Nalbandov. 1969. Radioimmunoassay for bovine and ovine luteinizing     hormone. Endocrinology 84: 1166-1173. -   Niswender, G. D. (1973). “Influence of the site of conjugation on     the specificity of antibodies to progesterone.” Steroids 22(3):     413-24. -   Niswender, G. D., T. L. Davis, et al. (2007). “Judge, jury and     executioner: the auto-regulation of luteal function.” Soc Reprod     Fertil Suppl 64: 191-206. -   Niswender, G. D., J. L. Juengel, et al. (2000). “Mechanisms     controlling the function and life span of the corpus luteum.”     Physiol Rev 80(1): 1-29. -   Niswender, G. D., R. T. Moore, et al. (1975). “Flow of blood to the     ovaries of ewes throughout the estrous cycle.” Biol Reprod 13(4):     381-8. -   Nitta, A., K. Shirasuna, et al. (2011). “Possible involvement of     IFNT in lymphangiogenesis in the corpus luteum during the maternal     recognition period in the cow.” Reproduction 142(6): 879-92. -   Nor, J. E., R. S. Mitra, et al. (2000). “Thrombospondin-1 induces     endothelial cell apoptosis and inhibits angiogenesis by activating     the caspase death pathway.” J Vase Res 37(3): 209-18. -   O'Shea, J. D., D. G. Cran, et al. (1979). “The small luteal cell of     the sheep.” J Anat 128(Pt 2): 239-51. -   Oehme, I., S. Bosser, et al. (2006). “Agonists of an     ecdysone-inducible mammalian expression system inhibit Fas Ligand-     and TRAIL-induced apoptosis in the human colon carcinoma cell line     RKO.” Cell Death Differ 13(2): 189-201. -   Okuyama, K. (2008). “Revisiting the molecular structure of     collagen.” Connect Tissue Res 49(5): 299-310. -   Oliveira, J. F. et al. 2008. Expression of interferon     (IFN)-stimulated genes in extrauterine tissues during early     pregnancy in sheep is the consequence of endocrine IFN-tau release     from the uterine vein. Endocrinology 149: 1252-1259. -   Olofsson, J. and P. C. Leung (1994). “Auto/paracrine role of     prostaglandins in corpus luteum function.” Mol Cell Endocrinol     100(1-2): 87-91. -   Olofsson, J., E. Norjavaara, et al. (1992). “Synthesis of     prostaglandin F2 alpha, E2 and prostacyclin in isolated corpora     lutea of adult pseudopregnant rats throughout the luteal life-span.”     Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 46(2): 151-61. -   Osaki, M., M. Oshimura, et al. (2004). “PI3K-Akt pathway: its     functions and alterations in human cancer.” Apoptosis 9(6): 667-76. -   Otani, N., S. Minami, et al. (1999). “The vascular endothelial     growth factor/fms-like tyrosine kinase system in human ovary during     the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab     84(10): 3845-51. -   Ott, T. L., J. Yin, et al. (1998). “Effects of the estrous cycle and     early pregnancy on uterine expression of Mx protein in sheep (Ovis     aries).” Biol Reprod 59(4): 784-94. -   Palade, G. (1975). “Intracellular aspects of the process of protein     synthesis.” Science 189(4200): 347-58. -   Papadopoulos, V., H. Amri, et al. (1997). “Peripheral benzodiazepine     receptor in cholesterol transport and steroidogenesis.” Steroids     62(1): 21-8. -   Papadopoulos, V., H. Amri, et al. (1997). “Targeted disruption of     the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor gene inhibits     steroidogenesis in the R2C Leydig tumor cell line.” J Biol Chem     272(51): 32129-35. -   Papadopoulos, V. and A. S. Brown (1995). “Role of the     peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor and the polypeptide diazepam     binding inhibitor in steroidogenesis.” J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol     53(1-6): 103-10. -   Paradela, A., S. B. Bravo, et al. (2005). “Proteomic analysis of     apical microvillous membranes of syncytiotrophoblast cells reveals a     high degree of similarity with lipid rafts.” J Proteome Res 4(6):     2435-41. -   Pate, J. L. (1988). “Regulation of prostaglandin synthesis by     progesterone in the bovine corpus luteum.” Prostaglandins 36(3):     303-15. -   Patek, C. E. and J. Watson (1976). “Prostaglandin F and progesterone     secretion by porcine endometrium and corpus luteum in vitro.”     Prostaglandins 12(1): 97-111. -   Perretti, M. and R. J. Flower (2004). “Annexin 1 and the biology of     the neutrophil.” J Leukoc Biol 76(1): 25-9. -   Perretti, M. and F. N. Gavins (2003). “Annexin 1: an endogenous     anti-inflammatory protein.” News Physiol Sci 18: 60-4. -   Perry, D. J., K. J. Austin, et al. (1999). “Cloning of     interferon-stimulated gene 17: the promoter and nuclear proteins     that regulate transcription.” Mol Endocrinol 13(7): 1197-206. -   Pescador, N., A. Houde, et al. (1997). “Follicle-stimulating hormone     and intracellular second messengers regulate steroidogenic acute     regulatory protein messenger ribonucleic acid in luteinized porcine     granulosa cells.” Biol Reprod 57(3): 660-8. -   Peterson, A. J., H. R. Tervit, et al. (1976). “Jugular levels of 13,     14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F and progesterone around     luteolysis and early pregnancy in the ewe.” Prostaglandins 12(4):     551-8. -   Pitcher, P. M., and D. T. Galligan. 1990. Decision analysis and     economic evaluation of the use of the rapid milk progesterone assay     for early detection of pregnancy status of cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc     197: 1586-1590. -   Piper, P. J., J. R. Vane, et al. (1970). “Inactivation of     prostaglandins by the lungs.” Nature 225(5233): 600-4. -   Plaizier, J. C., G. J. King, J. C. Dekkers, and K. Lissemore. 1997.     Estimation of economic values of indices for reproductive     performance in dairy herds using computer simulation. J Dairy Sci     80: 2775-2783. -   Plante, C. et al. 1990. Purification of bovine trophoblast protein-1     complex and quantification of its microheterogeneous variants as     affected by culture conditions. -   Journal of reproductive immunology 18: 271-291. -   Pletneva, L. M., O. Haller, et al. (2006). “Interferon-inducible Mx     gene expression in cotton rats: cloning, characterization, and     expression during influenza viral infection.” J Interferon Cytokine     Res 26(12): 914-21. -   Pon, L. A., L. F. Epstein, et al. (1986). “Acute cAMP stimulation in     Leydig cells: rapid accumulation of a protein similar to that     detected in adrenal cortex and corpus luteum.” Endocr Res 12(4):     429-46. -   Pon, L. A., J. A. Hartigan, et al. (1986). “Acute ACTH regulation of     adrenal corticosteroid biosynthesis. Rapid accumulation of a     phosphoprotein.” J Biol Chem 261(28): 13309-16. -   Pon, L. A. and N. R. Orme-Johnson (1986). “Acute stimulation of     steroidogenesis in corpus luteum and adrenal cortex by peptide     hormones. Rapid induction of a similar protein in both tissues.” J     Biol Chem 261(14): 6594-9. -   Pon, L. A. and N. R. Orme-Johnson (1988). “Acute stimulation of     corpus luteum cells by gonadotrophin or adenosine     3′,5′-monophosphate causes accumulation of a phosphoprotein     concurrent with acceleration of steroid synthesis.” Endocrinology     123(4): 1942-8. -   Pratt, B. R., R. L. Butcher, et al. (1977). “Antiluteolytic effect     of the conceptus and of PGE2 in ewes.” J Anim Sci 45(4): 784-91. -   Pru, J. K., M. P. Lynch, et al. (2003). “Signaling mechanisms in     tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced death of microvascular     endothelial cells of the corpus luteum.” Reprod Biol Endocrinol 1:     17. -   Pru, J. K., B. R. Rueda, et al. (2001). “Interferon-tau suppresses     prostaglandin F2alpha secretion independently of the     mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa B     pathways.” Biol Reprod 64(3): 965-73. -   Rand, J. H. (2000). “The pathogenic role of annexin-V in the     antiphospholipid syndrome.” Curr Rheumatol Rep 2(3): 246-51. -   Ravizza, T., D. Moneta, et al. (2001). “Dynamic induction of the     long pentraxin PTX3 in the CNS after limbic seizures: evidence for a     protective role in seizure-induced neurodegeneration.” Neuroscience     105(1): 43-53. -   Rege, T. A., J. Stewart, Jr., et al. (2009).     “Thrombospondin-1-induced apoptosis of brain microvascular     endothelial cells can be mediated by TNF-R1.” J Cell Physiol 218(1):     94-103. -   Rempel, L. A., B. R. Francis, et al. (2005). “Isolation and sequence     of an interferon-tau-inducible, pregnancy- and bovine     interferon-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15)-specific, bovine     ubiquitin-activating E1-like (UBE1L) enzyme.” Biol Reprod 72(2):     365-72. -   Ren, B., K. O. Yee, et al. (2006). “Regulation of tumor angiogenesis     by thrombospondin-1.” Biochim Biophys Acta 1765(2): 178-88. -   Rexroad, C. E., Jr. and H. D. Guthrie (1979). “Prostaglandin F2     alpha and progesterone release in vitro by ovine luteal tissue     during induced luteolysis.” Adv Exp Med Biol 112: 639-44. -   Reynolds, L. P., J. Stigler, et al. (1981). “Effect of PGE1 on PGF2     alpha-induced luteolysis in nonbred ewes.” Prostaglandins 21(6):     957-72. -   Rintala-Dempsey, A. C., A. Rezvanpour, et al. (2008). “S100-annexin     complexes-structural insights.” FEBS J 275(20): 4956-66. -   Roberts, R. M. (1989). “Conceptus interferons and maternal     recognition of pregnancy.” Biol Reprod 40(3): 449-52. -   Roberts, R. M., Y. Chen, et al. (2008). “Interferons and the     maternal-conceptus dialog in mammals.” Seminars in Cell &     Developmental Biology 19(2): 170-177. -   Roberts, R. M., J. C. Cross, et al. (1992). “Interferons as hormones     of pregnancy.” Endocr Rev 13(3): 432-52. -   Roberts, R. M., S. Xie, et al. (1996). “Maternal recognition of     pregnancy.” Biol Reprod 54(2): 294-302. -   Rocchetti, T. T., C. Marconi, et al. (2010). “Group B streptococci     colonization in pregnant women: risk factors and evaluation of the     vaginal flora.” Arch Gynecol Obstet 283(4): 717-21. -   Romero, J. J., A. Q. Antoniazzi, et al. (2013).     “Pregnancy-associated genes contribute to antiluteolytic mechanisms     in ovine corpus luteum.” Physiol Genomics. -   Rovere, P., G. Peri, et al. (2000). “The long pentraxin PTX3 binds     to apoptotic cells and regulates their clearance by     antigen-presenting dendritic cells.” Blood 96(13): 4300-6. -   Rueda, B. R., K. A. Naivar, et al. (1993). “Recombinant     interferon-tau regulates secretion of two bovine endometrial     proteins.” J. Interferon Res. 13(4): 303-309. -   Saeed, S. A. and A. C. Roy (1972). “Purification of 15-hydroxy     prostaglandin dehydrogenase from bovine lung.” Biochem Biophys Res     Commun 47(1): 96-102. -   Salio, M., S. Chimenti, et al. (2008). “Cardioprotective function of     the long pentraxin PTX3 in acute myocardial infarction.” Circulation     117(8): 1055-64. -   Samuel, C. E. (2001). “Antiviral Actions of Interferons.” American     Society for Microbiology 14(4): 778-809. -   Sandhoff, T. W. and M. P. McLean (1996). “Prostaglandin F2alpha     reduces steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein messenger     ribonucleic acid expression in the rat ovary.” Endocrine 5(2):     183-90. -   Sandhoff, T. W. and M. P. McLean (1999). “Repression of the rat     steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein gene by PGF2alpha is     modulated by the negative transcription factor DAX-1.” Endocrine     10(1): 83-91. -   Sartorius, U., I. Schmitz, et al. (2001). “Molecular mechanisms of     death-receptor-mediated apoptosis.” Chembiochem 2(1): 20-9. -   Sawyer, H. R., K. D. Niswender, et al. (1990). “Nuclear changes in     ovine luteal cells in response to PGF2 alpha.” Domest Anim     Endocrinol 7(2): 229-37. -   Schalue-Francis, T. K., P. W. Farin, et al. (1991). “Effect of     injected bovine interferon-alpha II on estrous cycle length and     pregnancy success in sheep.” J Reprod Fertil 91(1): 347-56. -   Schmitt, R. A., R. D. Geisert, et al. (1993). “Uterine cellular     changes in 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase during the bovine estrous     cycle and early pregnancy.” Biol Reprod 48(3): 460-6. -   Schmittgen, T. D. and K. J. Livak (2008). “Analyzing real-time PCR     data by the comparative C(T) method.” Nat Protoc 3(6): 1101-8. -   Searle, B. C., M. Turner, et al. (2008). “Improving sensitivity by     probabilistically combining results from multiple MS/MS search     methodologies.” J Proteome Res 7(1): 245-253. -   Senger, P. L. (2003). Pathways to Pregnancy and Parturition.     Pullman, Current Concepts Inc. -   Sharma, M., R. T. Ownbey, et al. (2010). “Breast cancer cell surface     annexin II induces cell migration and neoangiogenesis via tPA     dependent plasmin generation.” Exp Mol Pathol 88(2): 278-86. -   Shu, F., M. Sugimura, et al. (2000). “Immunohistochemical study of     annexin V expression in placentae of preeclampsia.” Gynecol Obstet     Invest 49(1): 17-23. -   Shutt, D. A., A. H. Clarke, et al. (1976). “Changes in concentration     of prostaglandin F and steroids in human corpora lutea in relation     to growth of the corpus luteum and luteolysis.” J Endocrinol 71(3):     453-4. -   Silva, P. J., J. L. Juengel, et al. (2000). “Prostaglandin     metabolism in the ovine corpus luteum: catabolism of prostaglandin     F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) coincides with resistance of the corpus     luteum to PGF(2alpha).” Biol Reprod 63(5): 1229-36. -   Silvia, W. J. and G. D. Niswender (1984). “Maintenance of the corpus     luteum of early pregnancy in the ewe. III. Differences between     pregnant and nonpregnant ewes in luteal responsiveness to     prostaglandin F2 alpha.” J Anim Sci 59(3): 746-53. -   Silvia, W. J. and G. D. Niswender (1986). “Maintenance of the corpus     luteum of early pregnancy in the ewe. IV. Changes in luteal     sensitivity to prostaglandin F2 alpha throughout early pregnancy.” J     Anim Sci 63(4): 1201-7. -   Smith, G. W., P. C. Gentry, et al. (1997). “Control of extracellular     matrix remodelling within ovarian tissues: localization and     regulation of gene expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor     type-1 within the ovine corpus luteum.” J Reprod Fertil 110(1):     107-14. -   Smith, G. W., P. C. Gentry, et al. (1996). “Ontogeny and regulation     of luteinizing hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid within     the ovine corpus luteum.” Biol Reprod 54(1): 76-83. -   Smith, M. F., E. W. McIntush, et al. (1994). “Mechanisms associated     with corpus luteum development.” J Anim Sci 72(7): 1857-72. -   Smith, W. L. (1992). “Prostanoid biosynthesis and mechanisms of     action.” Am J Physiol 263(2 Pt 2): F181-91. -   Smyth, G. K. (2004). “Linear models and empirical bayes methods for     assessing differential expression in microarray experiments.” Stat     Appl Genet Mol Biol 3: Article3. -   Song, G., F. W. Bazer, et al. (2007). “Pregnancy and interferon tau     regulate RSAD2 and IFIH1 expression in the ovine uterus.”     Reproduction 133(1): 285-95. -   Song, G., J. A. Fleming, et al. (2011). “Pregnancy and interferon     tau regulate DDX58 and PLSCR1 in the ovine uterus during the     peri-implantation period.” Reproduction 141(1): 127-38. -   Spencer, T. E. and F. W. Bazer (1995). “Temporal and spatial     alterations in uterine estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor     gene expression during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in the     ewe.” Biology of Reproduction 53(6): 1527-1543. -   Spencer, T. E. and F. W. Bazer (1996). “Ovine interferon tau     suppresses transcription of the estrogen receptor and oxytocin     receptor genes in the ovine endometrium.” Endocrinology 137(3):     1144-7. -   Spencer, T. E., W. C. Becker, et al. (1995). “Ovine interferon-tau     inhibits estrogen receptor up-regulation and estrogen-induced     luteolysis in cyclic ewes.” Endocrinology 136(11): 4932-44. -   Spencer, T. E., R. C. Burghardt, et al. (2004). “Conceptus signals     for establishment and maintenance of pregnancy.” Anim Reprod Sci     82-83: 537-50. -   Spencer, T. E., N. Forde, et al. (2013). “Conceptus-derived     prostaglandins regulate gene expression in the endometrium prior to     pregnancy recognition in ruminants.” Reproduction 146(4): 377-87. -   Spencer, T. E., N. H. Ing, et al. (1995). “Intrauterine injection of     ovine interferon-tau alters oestrogen receptor and oxytocin receptor     expression in the endometrium of cyclic ewes.” J Mol Endocrinol     15(2): 203-20. -   Spencer, T. E., G. A. Johnson, et al. (2004). “Implantation     mechanisms: insights from the sheep.” Reproduction 128(6): 657-68. -   Spencer, T. E., T. L. Ott, et al. (1996). “tau-Interferon: pregnancy     recognition signal in ruminants.” Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 213(3):     215-29. -   Spencer, T. E., A. G. Stagg, et al. (1999). “Differential effects of     intrauterine and subcutaneous administration of recombinant ovine     interferon tau on the endometrium of cyclic ewes.” Biol Reprod     61(2): 464-70. -   Staggs, K. L., K. J. Austin, et al. (1998). “Complex induction of     bovine uterine proteins by interferon-tau.” Biol Reprod 59(2):     293-7. -   Stein, B. and M. X. Yang (1995). “Repression of the interleukin-6     promoter by estrogen receptor is mediated by NF-kappa B and C/EBP     beta.” Mol Cell Biol 15(9): 4971-9. -   Strandberg, E., Oltenacu, P. A. 1989. Economic consequences of     different calving intervals. ACTA Agric Scand 39: 407-420. -   Stocco, C., C. Telleria, et al. (2007). “The molecular control of     corpus luteum formation, function, and regression.” Endocr Rev     28(1): 117-49. -   Stocco, C. O., L. F. Lau, et al. (2002). “A     calcium/calmodulin-dependent activation of ERK1/2 mediates JunD     phosphorylation and induction of nur77 and 20alpha-hsd genes by     prostaglandin F2alpha in ovarian cells.” J Biol Chem 277(5):     3293-302. -   Stocco, D. M. (2001). “StAR protein and the regulation of steroid     hormone biosynthesis.” Annu Rev Physiol 63: 193-213. -   Stocco, D. M. and B. J. Clark (1996). “Regulation of the acute     production of steroids in steroidogenic cells.” Endocr Rev 17(3):     221-44. -   Sugawara, T., D. Lin, et al. (1995). “Structure of the human     steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) gene: StAR stimulates     mitochondrial cholesterol 27-hydroxylase activity.” Biochemistry     34(39): 12506-12. -   Swanston, I. A., K. P. McNatty, et al. (1977). “Concentration of     prostaglandin F2alpha and steroids in the human corpus luteum.” J     Endocrinol 73(1): 115-22. -   Takahashi, H. et al. 2005. Establishment of a specific     radioimmunoassay for bovine interferon tau. Theriogenology     63:1050-1060. -   Tait, J. F., M. Sakata, et al. (1988). “Placental anticoagulant     proteins: isolation and comparative characterization four members of     the lipocortin family.” Biochemistry 27(17): 6268-76. -   Taniguchi, T. and A. Takaoka (2002). “The interferon-alpha/beta     system in antiviral responses: a multimodal machinery of gene     regulation by the IRF family of transcription factors.” Curr Opin     Immunol 14(1): 111-6. -   Teixeira, M. G., K. J. Austin, et al. (1997). “Bovine granulocyte     chemotactic protein-2 is secreted by the endometrium in response to     interferon-tau (IFN-tau).” Endocrine 6(1): 31-7. -   Telleria, C. M., J. Ou, et al. (1998). “The expression of     interleukin-6 in the pregnant rat corpus luteum and its regulation     by progesterone and glucocorticoid.” Endocrinology 139(8): 3597-605. -   Temmerman, M., M. I. Lopita, et al. (1992). “The role of maternal     syphilis, gonorrhoea and HIV-1 infections in spontaneous abortion.”     Int J STD AIDS 3(6): 418-22. -   Toyokawa, K., S. J. Carling, et al. (2007). “Cellular localization     and function of the antiviral protein, ovine Mx1 (oMx1): I. Ovine     Mx1 is secreted by endometrial epithelial cells via an     ‘unconventional’ secretory pathway.” Am J Reprod Immunol 57(1):     13-22. -   Toyokawa, K., F. Leite, et al. (2007). “Cellular localization and     function of the antiviral protein, ovine Mx1 (oMx1): II. The oMx1     protein is a regulator of secretion in an ovine glandular epithelial     cell line.” Am J Reprod Immunol 57(1): 23-33. -   Tuckey, R. C. (1992). “Cholesterol side-chain cleavage by     mitochondria from the human placenta. Studies using     hydroxycholesterols as substrates.” J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol     42(8): 883-90. -   Tuckey, R. C. and H. C. Atkinson (1989). “Pregnenolone synthesis     from cholesterol and hydroxycholesterols by mitochondria from     ovaries following the stimulation of immature rats with pregnant     mare's serum gonadotropin and human choriogonadotropin.” Eur J     Biochem 186(1-2): 255-9. -   Vinatier, D., P. Dufour, et al. (1996). “Apoptosis: a programmed     cell death involved in ovarian and uterine physiology.” Eur J Obstet     Gynecol Reprod Biol 67(2): 85-102. -   Voges, D., R. Berendes, et al. (1994). “Three-dimensional structure     of membrane-bound annexin V. A correlative electron microscopy-X-ray     crystallography study.” J Mol Biol 238(2): 199-213. -   Vorsanova, S. G., A. D. Kolotii, et al. (2005). “Evidence for high     frequency of chromosomal mosaicism in spontaneous abortions revealed     by interphase FISH analysis.” J Histochem Cytochem 53(3): 375-80. -   Wang, X., B. Campos, et al. (1999). “Annexin V is critical in the     maintenance of murine placental integrity.” Am J Obstet Gynecol     180(4): 1008-16. -   Wang, X., L. P. Walsh, et al. (1999). “The role of arachidonic acid     on LH-stimulated steroidogenesis and steroidogenic acute regulatory     protein accumulation in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells.” Endocrine     10(1): 7-12. -   Watson, E. D. and P. L. Sertich (1990). “Secretion of prostaglandins     and progesterone by cells from corpora lutea of mares.” J Reprod     Fertil 88(1): 223-9. -   Watson, J., T. S. Shepherd, et al. (1979). “Prostaglandin     E-2-9-ketoreductase in ovarian tissues.” J Reprod Fertil 57(2):     489-96. -   Wiltbank, M. C., C. J. Belfiore, et al. (1993). “Steroidogenic     enzyme activity after acute activation of protein kinase (PK) A and     PKC in ovine small and large luteal cells.” Mol Cell Endocrinol     97(1-2): 1-7. -   Wiltbank, M. C., P. B. Guthrie, et al. (1989). “Hormonal regulation     of free intracellular calcium concentrations in small and large     ovine luteal cells.” Biol Reprod 41(4): 771-8. -   Wiltbank, M. C. and J. S. Ottobre (2003). “Regulation of intraluteal     production of prostaglandins.” Reprod Biol Endocrinol 1: 91. -   Yamada, O., J. Todoroki, et al. (2002). “The dynamic expression of     extracellular matrix in the bovine endometrium at implantation.” J     Vet Med Sci 64(3): 207-14. -   Yan, G. R., W. Ding, et al. (2011). “Characterization of     phosphoproteins in gastric cancer secretome.” OMICS 15(1-2): 83-90. -   Yankey, S. J., B. A. Hicks, et al. (2001). “Expression of the     antiviral protein Mx in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of     pregnant and bred, non-pregnant ewes.” J Endocrinol 170(2): R7-11. -   Yarmola, E. G. and M. R. Bubb (2009). “How depolymerization can     promote polymerization: the case of actin and profilin.” Bioessays     31(11): 1150-60. -   Zalman, Y., E. Klipper, et al. (2012). “Regulation of     angiogenesis-related prostaglandin f2alpha-induced genes in the     bovine corpus luteum.” Biol Reprod 86(3): 92. -   Zarco, L., G. H. Stabenfeldt, et al. (1988). “Modification of     prostaglandin F-2 alpha synthesis and release in the ewe during the     initial establishment of pregnancy.” J Reprod Fertil 83(2): 527-36. -   Zarco, L., G. H. Stabenfeldt, et al. (1988). “Release of     prostaglandin F-2 alpha and the timing of events associated with     luteolysis in ewes with oestrous cycles of different lengths.” J     Reprod Fertil 83(2): 517-26. -   Zelinski, M. B., D. P. Selivonchick, et al. (1988).     “Characterization of plasma membrane lipids and luteinizing hormone     receptors of ovine corpora lutea during luteolysis and early     pregnancy.” Biol Reprod 38(4): 768-79. -   Zeth, K. and M. Thein “Porins in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: common     themes and variations.” Biochem J 431(1): 13-22. -   Zheng, L., K. Foley, et al. “Tyrosine 23 phosphorylation-dependent     cell-surface localization of annexin A2 is required for invasion and     metastases of pancreatic cancer.” PLoS One 6(4): e19390. -   Zhu, Y., W. L. Yin, et al. (2012). “Transforming growth factor-1     promotes the transcriptional activation of plasminogen activator     inhibitor type 1 in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts.” Mol Med Rep     6(5): 1001-5. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for increasing the number of offspring in a population of ruminant animals, comprising; (a) determining whether individual female ruminant animals from said population are pregnant, wherein said determining comprises (i) obtaining a sample from said female ruminant animal; (ii) determining whether interferon tau (IFNT) is present in said sample; (iii) diagnosing a female ruminant animal as not pregnant (NP) if IFNT was determined not to be present in said sample; (b) performing additional breeding of any NP female ruminant animals.
 2. The method of claim 2, wherein said determining is performed by contacting the sample with a purified antibody specific for IFNT and detecting whether binding occurs between said antibody and IFNT.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said detecting is accomplished by an antibody-based technique
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein said antibody-based technique is selected from the group consisting of radioimmunoassay, ELISA, lateral flow test, and dipstick test.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said determining is accomplished by mass spectroscopy.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said population is a ruminant animal species.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein said population is a cattle herd.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said population is sheep herd.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said sample is peripheral blood, serum, or plasma.
 10. A method of improving the success rate of impregnating a female cow comprising: breeding said female cow; obtaining a sample from a female cow said breeding, wherein the collection of said sample is timed to correspond to the predicted production of IFNT by a conceptus produced by said breeding; determining whether interferon tau (IFNT) is present in said sample, wherein said determining is performed by contacting the with a purified antibody specific for IFNT and detecting whether binding occurs between said antibody and IFNT; diagnosing a female cow as not pregnant (NP) if IFNT was determined not to be present in said sample; and performing an additional breeding of said female cow determined to be NP.
 11. A method of improving the success rate of impregnating a female cow comprising: breeding said female cow; obtaining a sample from a female cow, wherein the collection of said sample is timed to correspond to the predicted production of IFNT by a conceptus produced by said breeding; determining whether interferon tau (IFNT) is present in said sample, wherein said determining is accomplished by mass spectroscopy; diagnosing a female cow as not pregnant (NP) if IFNT was determined not to be present in said sample; and performing an additional breeding of said female cow determined to be NP. 